scholarly journals Water and Warfare: The Evolution and Operation of the Water Taboo

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-125
Author(s):  
Charlotte Grech-Madin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Human History ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Future ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract For much of human history, water was a standard weapon of war. In the post–World War II period, however, nation-states in international conflict have made concerted efforts to restrain the weaponization of water. Distinct from realist and rationalist explanations, the historical record reveals that water has come to be governed by a set of intersubjective standards of behavior that denounce water's involvement in conflict as morally taboo. How did this water taboo develop, and how does it matter for nation-states? Focused process-tracing illuminates the taboo's development from the 1950s to the 2010s, and indicates that (1) a moral aversion to using water as a weapon exists; (2) this aversion developed through cumulative mechanisms of taboo evolution over the past seventy years; and (3) the taboo influences states at both an instrumental level of compliance, and, in recent decades, a more internalized level. These findings offer new avenues for research and policy to better understand and uphold this taboo into the future.

scholarly journals EVERYTHING BUT THE SQUEAL

1962 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
P. M. Morley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
World War ◽  
Primary Processing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Forest Industries ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
Multiple Product

Foresters are now in a better position than at any time in the past to get the maximum use out of our forest resources. Since World War II, the forest industries in Canada have tended more and more towards multiple product operations. The problem of transportation is being solved either by more primary processing in the woods, by better use of "residues" at the mill, or by the formation of mill aggregates. In the future, we may look for more attention being paid towards the better utilization of logging residue.

Textbook Conflicts in South Asia

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Nair
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
South Asia ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
National Memory ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Political Milieu ◽  
New Nation

The aftermath of World War II saw the emergence of many new nation-states on the Asian geopolitical map and a simultaneous attempt by these states to claim the agency of nationhood and to create an aura of a homogenous national identity. Textbooks have been the most potent tools used by nations to inject an idea of a national memory - in many instances with utter disregard for fundamental contradictions within the socio-political milieu. In South Asia, political sensitivity towards transmission of the past is reflected in the attempts of these states to revise or rewrite versions which are most consonant with the ideology of dominant players (political parties, religious organizations, ministries of education, publishing houses, NGOs, etc.) concerning the nature of the state and the identity of its citizens. This paper highlights the fundamental fault lines in the project of nation-building in states in South Asia by locating instances of the revision or rewriting of dominant interpretations of the past. By providing an overview of various revisionist exercises in South Asia, an attempt will be made to highlight important issues that are fundamental to the construction of identities in this diverse continent.

scholarly journals “THE SHAWL”, THE SUBALTERN, AND THE CASE OF THE SUBALTERN GENOCIDE

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Natan Gultom
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Jewish Woman ◽  
Concentration Camp ◽  
World War ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Holocaust Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Relationship

Holocaust studies post-World War II have found ways in intersecting to other studies within the Postmodern era. In 1980, a short-story “The Shawl” was written depicting a holocaust brutality done towards the Jews. The story revolves around a Jewish woman, Rosa, that lived through the bitterness of seeing her daughter, Magda, being slaughtered in a concentration camp. In the context of “The Shawl”, this article would like to describe the relationship between holocaust studies and the subaltern studies within postcolonialism. Furthermore, this article discusses if there are hints “The Shawl” invokes a sentiment for the Jews to take revenge towards their former oppressors. The aim of this article is to further the argument “The Shawl” has no characteristics of taking revenge which eventually leads to subaltern genocide. “The Shawl” functions better as a remembrance so generations of the future do not repeat the horrors of the past.

Geography, Territory, and Conflict

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven V. Miller ◽  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
John A. Vasquez
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
World War ◽  
Territorial Conflict ◽  
The Future ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
Empirical Implications ◽  
Inter State

Traditional, structural theories of international relations may have eschewed the importance of geography and territory to understanding international conflict, but the past 50 years of quantitative scholarship have returned geography and territory to the fore of the discipline. The importance of geography and territory to the study of international conflict first emerged in the discipline of political geography and the early foundations of peace science. Subsequent empirical analyses demonstrated a robust connection between geography, particularly disputed territory, and all phases of inter-state conflict. Explanations for this robust relationship emerged concurrent to the empirical findings. The theoretical arguments are eclectic and focus on territoriality as human instinct, the tangible and intangible value of territory, and whether conflict over territory conforms well to implications from the bargaining framework. Though traditionally the domain of inter-state conflict scholars, civil conflict scholarship has greatly informed this research program on geography, territory, and conflict by expanding and enriching its theoretical arguments and empirical implications. The future of territorial conflict scholarship should focus on reconciling different theoretical arguments about the emergence of peace after World War II, wrestling with the future of territorial conflict as more territorial disputes are settled, providing richer data on territorial claims, and exploring the implications of global climate change for future conflict over scarce and changing waterways and maritime/river boundaries.

Freud's Roman Holiday: Dismembering Civilization and its Discontents

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-164
Author(s):  
Mary Jacobus
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Literary Interpretation ◽  
World War ◽  
Death Drive ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
European Civilization ◽  
Pre World War Ii

Freud's Civilization and its Discontents (1930) reveals the dynamics of dismemberment or death drive within Freud's text and literary interpretation. Freud's main source for his archeological analogy derives from Lanciani, exponent of the destruction of ancient Rome. Lanciani argued that man was responsible for the destruction of Rome: Freud argues that civilization is responsible for man's unhappiness. Freud's archeological sources cannot help but be read by today's readers in the light of the later destruction of European civilization, especially Jewish civilization, during World War II. Freud's pre-World War II text thus manifests a form of Nachträglichkeit or traumatic return of the past in the future.

A Reputation for Resolute Action

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-114
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
World War ◽  
Berlin Crisis ◽  
Nikita Khrushchev ◽  
Firm Response ◽  
The Future

This chapter explores how Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev viewed the resolve of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, considering Khrushchev's decision making surrounding the 1958 Berlin Crisis. The historical record shows that Eisenhower's early statements were particularly influential to the formation of his reputation, as they created expectations of how he would behave in the future. However, Eisenhower was unable to solidify his reputation for resolve at the 1955 Geneva Summit, as Khrushchev perceived Secretary of State John Foster Dulles rather than President Eisenhower as being in direct control of negotiations at the summit. Yet, in the year leading up to the 1958 Berlin Ultimatum, Khrushchev's perception of who was in control of U.S. foreign policy shifted to emphasize the importance of Eisenhower to America's Berlin policy. And the president's statements leading up to the Berlin Crisis led Khrushchev to believe Eisenhower was unlikely to make major concessions on the issue. Eisenhower's subsequent firm response to the Berlin Crisis then confirmed Khrushchev's expectations of the president's resolve. Accordingly, Eisenhower established a reputation for resolute action that would last until the end of his presidency. Further evidence suggests that Eisenhower's actions as a general during World War II were influential to Khrushchev's early perceptions of the president.

The Formation of Pan-Arab Ideology in the Interwar Years

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ernest Dawn
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Opposition Movement ◽  
Muslim Brothers ◽  
Pre World War Ii

Arab nationalism arose as an opposition movement in Ottoman Syria, Palestine, and Iraq around the turn of the century. It remained a minority movement until the Ottoman collapse in 1918, but after the Ottoman defeat it became the overwhelmingly dominant movement in these territories where, except for some Lebanese, all successful politicians were Arab nationalists during the interwar years. Just what Arab nationalism meant to its proponents at the time, however, has been difficult to determine. The period only dimly figures in studies of Arab nationalism. Full studies have been devoted to survivors from the past, Rashid Rida⊃ and Shakib Arsian, to Sati⊂ al-Husri (al-Husari), a relative newcomer whose greatest prominence was to be in the 1940s and 1950s, and to the Muslim Brothers, who arrived on the scene even later, whose influence was to lie in the future, and who, like Rida⊃, were not considered to be primarily Arab nationalists. Otherwise, hardly a scant handful of pre-World War II Arab nationalist writers, and these from the late 1930s, receive even casual mention.

scholarly journals The cult of holy death in the socialist Yugoslavia

2017 ◽  
pp. 621-633
Author(s):  
Kosta Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Memory ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
Memory Control ◽  
Better Than

In Communist Yugoslavia there was a developed process of joint memory control through the glorification of war as ?the originator of the nation?. The symbol of the soldier?s readiness to sacrifice himself at the altar of the homeland became the subliminal memory of war, but also one of the clearest reflections of the present, which has created ideas of the past. In the process of creating the identity of the Yugoslav community, the key elements were represented by different types of memorialization of World War II and the glorification of sacrificing fallen Partisans. The official public memory as a model of society interpreted the present through the past. In that sense, the official policy of recollections encouraged the belief that the future would be better than the past and that the temporary present was just one of the stages of the progress.

Style and Subjectivity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Clark
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Historical Imagination ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Visual Vocabulary ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

Parisians’ interest in photography’s potential as a historical medium gained increasing purchase after World War II, as exemplified by the celebrations of the Bimillénaire de Paris, a public festival to commemorate Paris’s two thousandth birthday, the two millennia since the arrival of Julius Caesar. Exhibitions, press coverage, and books sold photography to the world as the future of studying the past. Faced with the specter of Paris—and France’s—global decline, writers, magazine editors, and municipal officials nonetheless leaned heavily on old prints, paintings, and their historical styles in order to call forth better times from the city’s venerated past. They contributed to Paris’s visual vocabulary, a set of standard image subjects and styles that knit the past into the present both on the printed page and in the historical imagination.

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