Recognition in Return for Détente? Brezhnev, the EEC, and the Moscow Treaty with West Germany, 1970–1973

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Mueller
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Mutual Economic ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
Archival Documents

This article draws on Soviet archival documents as well as Western and Russian publications to analyze the background of Leonid Brezhnev's announcements of 1972 regarding the Soviet Union's possible recognition of the European Economic Community (EEC). The analysis takes into account various factors including the integration process, détente, and Soviet relations with West European states. The article shows that Brezhnev's first initiative toward the EEC in March 1972 was designed to facilitate ratification of the Moscow Treaty with West Germany and did not reflect a genuine desire to establish relations with Brussels. The new Soviet approach toward the EEC became manifest only in Brezhnev's second speech on the topic, in December 1972. This strategy, which included mutual recognition and negotiations between the EEC and the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance, was intended to foster détente in Europe and to pave the way toward the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Romania and the Beginning of CMEA Controversies over a Common Trade Policy Towards the EEC, 1969–1972

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-523
Author(s):  
Elena Dragomir
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Mutual Economic ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
Common Trade

This article examines Romania’s opposition to the attempts of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the early 1970s to adopt a common trade policy towards the European Economic Community (EEC). The article covers the period between 1969, when the CMEA embarked on negotiations regarding the deepening of the intra-bloc cooperation and integration, and 1 January 1973, which is the date marking the end of the derogations that the Eastern European states received with regard to the implementation of the EEC’s Common Commercial Policy. The article focuses on Romania’s reasons and tactics of opposition, but it also outlines its views with regard to the EEC, in general, and the CMEA-EEC relations, in particular. Corroborated by findings involving studies in other Eastern European archives, this article will help to create a better understanding of the CMEA debates on integration, on the CMEA-EEC relations, in general, and on Romania’s opposition to the CMEA’s intended common policy towards the EEC, in particular.

China and the European Community

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 647-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
European Community ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Chinese Leadership ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
Formal Relationship

”France and China,” said Alain Peyrefitte, the Gaullist leader, in Peking two years ago, “ are objective allies.” In a broader sense it could be said today that China and the European Community are objective allies - even though they do not yet enjoy a formal relationship. The Chinese leadership has consistently and strongly supported the enlargement of the European Economic Community (EEC) which from the beginning of 1973 has joined Great Britain, the Irish Republic and Denmark to the original six founders (Belgium, France, West Germany, Holland, Italy and Luxembourg) in a venture which promises at long last an institutional framework within which Western Europe could move towards economic and political unity.

China and the European Community

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 700-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
European Community ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Chinese Leadership ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
Formal Relationship

”France and China,” said Alain Peyrefitte, the Gaullist leader, in Peking two years ago, “ are objective allies.” In a broader sense it could be said today that China and the European Community are objective allies - even though they do not yet enjoy a formal relationship. The Chinese leadership has consistently and strongly supported the enlargement of the European Economic Community (EEC) which from the beginning of 1973 has joined Great Britain, the Irish Republic and Denmark to the original six founders (Belgium, France, West Germany, Holland, Italy and Luxembourg) in a venture which promises at long last an institutional framework within which Western Europe could move towards economic and political unity.

scholarly journals International problems and the research on process of the European integration from the establishment of the communities to the single European act

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-180
Author(s):  
Maja Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Single European Act ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Western European

Based on research topics that have been discussed in the context related to the European integration in the journal International Problems in the period 1949-1990, the aim of this paper is to consider the extent to which the Yugoslav science of international relations followed this process. The main thesis is that domestic science has studied all relevant aspects of the integration process and has kept up with the times and the key theoretical frameworks. After World War II, the focus was on the economic and political situation of the Western European countries, their interests, as well as the security context in which were launched the first integration initiatives: the German issue, the Marshall Plan, the Cold war and bipolar world, the process of decolonisation, the failure of the European Defense Community and the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and EURATOM. At the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, great attention was devoted to the study of regional integration in general and its models, as well as the expected effects. Along with the slowdown in the European integration process in the late 60s and throughout the 70s, the attention of researchers gradually shifted to individual policies and initiatives of the European Economic Community: the Common Agricultural Policy, development of regional policy, association agreements, the Mediterranean policy, initiatives in the field of monetary integration. The 80s of the last century were dominated by themes that marked this decade in the process of European integration: factors for change in the European Economic Community, the initiatives for reform of the Treaty, the Mediterranean enlargement, the Single European Act, the program for completing the internal market, changes in the social policy of the Community and measures to promote technological development and strategy for the industry. Along with it, the focus was on the relationship between the United States and the Western European countries, East-West relations and relations of Yugoslavia with the Community.

scholarly journals Economic and political initiatives of European integration for the period 1945-1992

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
W. Viviers ◽  
T F.J. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Political Success

The integration of the European Communities (EC, today EU) has been described as one of the most successful examples of economic integration worldwide. This study examines the reason for this success from two perspectives. Firstly, the economic success of EC integration for the period 1945 to 1992 is investigated. It is concluded that, notwithstanding difficulties experienced, the economic integration process represents the EC's greatest achievement. An example of this is the completion of the EC internal market through the European Economic Community (EEC) customs union and the EC-92 programme. Secondly, the investigation focuses on the political success of EC integration. The evaluation shows that political powerplay endangered and inhibited the process of economic integration in the EC.

China and the European Community

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 647-666
Author(s):  
Dick Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
European Community ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Chinese Leadership ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
Formal Relationship

”France and China,” said Alain Peyrefitte, the Gaullist leader, in Peking two years ago, “ are objective allies.” In a broader sense it could be said today that China and the European Community are objective allies — even though they do not yet enjoy a formal relationship. The Chinese leadership has consistently and strongly supported the enlargement of the European Economic Community (EEC) which from the beginning of 1973 has joined Great Britain, the Irish Republic and Denmark to the original six founders (Belgium, France, West Germany, Holland, Italy and Luxembourg) in a venture which promises at long last an institutional framework within which Western Europe could move towards economic and political unity.

scholarly journals Caminhos da construção da União Europeia: Tudo que nasce, morre?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-583
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ismael Francisco Maia
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
The Relationship

Depois de mais de sessenta anos da assinatura do Tratado de Roma que deu origem à Comunidade Econômica Europeia, o bloco europeu vive ainda hoje uma grande crise. Não é uma crise apenas econômica. Buscamos expor uma releitura de diferentes componentes do processo de integração europeu que culmina nesta crise, e tentaremos indicar elementos analítico-metodológicos sobre os caminhos da União Europeia fundamentado na relação entre capital e trabalho. O fio condutor deste artigo se encontra na divergência entre capital e trabalho no processo integrativo, pois persistiu um modelo integrativo no qual a economia é o fator hegemônico.     Abstract: After more than sixty years ago, the signature of the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community, the European bloc is still suffering a significant crises. This is not merely an economic crisis. In this paper the aim is to expose different features of the European integration process, which culminated in the current crisis, and to indicate methodological analytical aspects concernd the paths of the European Union based on the relationship between labour and capital. This article points out the idea that exist a divergence between capital and labor in the integration process, as persisted an integrative pattern in which economy is the hegemonic feature. Key-words:  European Economic Community;  European Union; integration; crisis.       Recebido em: outubro/2018. Aprovado em: outubro/2019.

Programming the Common Market: The Making and Failure of a ‘Dirigiste’ Europe, 1957–1967

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hugo Canihac
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This article contributes to the debate about the history of the political economy of the European Economic Community (EEC). It retraces the efforts during the early years of the EEC to implement a form of ‘European economic programming’, that is, a more ‘dirigiste’ type of economic governance than is usually associated with European integration. Based on a variety of archives, it offers a new account of the making and failure of this project. It argues that, at the time, the idea of economic programming found many supporters, but its implementation largely failed for political as well as practical reasons. In so doing, it also brings to light the role of economists during the early years of European integration.

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