scholarly journals Variability and stability of large-scale cortical oscillation patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Cox ◽  
Anna C. Schapiro ◽  
Robert Stickgold
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Network Similarity ◽  
Spatiotemporal Scales ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Task

Individual differences in brain organization exist at many spatiotemporal scales and underlie the diversity of human thought and behavior. Oscillatory neural activity is crucial for these processes, but how such rhythms are expressed across the cortex within and across individuals is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic characterization of brain-wide activity across frequency bands and oscillatory features during rest and task execution. We found that oscillatory profiles exhibit sizable group-level similarities, indicating the presence of common templates of oscillatory organization. Nonetheless, well-defined subject-specific network profiles were discernible beyond the structure shared across individuals. These individualized patterns were sufficiently stable to recognize individuals several months later. Moreover, network structure of rhythmic activity varied considerably across distinct oscillatory frequencies and features, indicating the existence of several parallel information processing streams embedded in distributed electrophysiological activity. These findings suggest that network similarity analyses may be useful for understanding the role of large-scale brain oscillations in physiology and behavior.

scholarly journals Variability and stability of large-scale cortical oscillation patterns

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Cox ◽  
Anna C Schapiro ◽  
Robert Stickgold
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractIndividual differences in brain organization exist at many spatial and temporal scales, contributing to the substantial heterogeneity underlying human thought and behavior. Oscillatory neural activity is crucial for these behaviors, but how such rhythms are expressed across the cortex within and across individuals has not been thoroughly characterized. Combining electroencephalography (EEG) with representational similarity and multivariate classification techniques, we provide a systematic characterization of brain-wide activity across frequency bands and oscillatory features during rest and task performance. Results indicate that oscillatory profiles exhibit sizable group-level correspondences, indicating the presence of common templates of oscillatory organization. At the same time, we observed well-defined subject-specific network profiles that were discernible above and beyond the structure shared across individuals. These individualized patterns were sufficiently stable over time to allow successful classification of individuals several months later. Finally, our findings indicate that the network structure of rhythmic activity varies considerably across distinct oscillatory frequencies and features, suggesting the existence of multiple, parallel information processing streams embedded in distributed electrophysiological activity. Together, these findings affirm the richness of spatiotemporal EEG signals and emphasize the utility of multivariate network analyses for understanding the role of brain oscillations in physiology and behavior.

Preparation and Characterization of BaTiO3 Thin Films on MgO-buffered Si(100) Substrates by RF Sputtering

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1152-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangsub Kim ◽  
Shunichi Hishita
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Buffer Layer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rf Sputtering ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Metal Type ◽  
Metal Insulator Metal

We report the results of a study on the deposition and characterization of partially oriented BaTiO3 thin films on MgO-buffered Si(100) by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The structural and morphological characteristics of the MgO buffer layer were investigated as a function of substrate temperature. The x-ray θ-2θ, φ scans, and observation of surface morphology revealed that MgO grew with a tendency of (001) orientation. Partially (00l) or (h00) textured BaTiO3 thin films were obtained on Si(100) with the MgO buffer layer while randomly oriented BaTiO3 thin films with large-scale cracks on the surface were made without the MgO layer. Pt/BaTiO3/Pt multistructures were formed on Si(100), MgO/Si(100), and MgO(100) single crystal substrates to conduct preliminary electrical measurements for metal-insulator-metal type capacitor. Comparison of the crystallographic orientation, morphology, and electrical properties between the BaTiO3 films on Si(100) with and without the MgO buffer layer supported the favorable role of the MgO layer as a buffer for the growth of BaTiO3 films on Si(100).

scholarly journals The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel C. Woodburn ◽  
Justin L. Bollinger ◽  
Eric S. Wohleb
Keyword(s):  
Microglia Activation ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Microglial Phenotype ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractMicroglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as ‘microglia activation’ or ‘neuroinflammation’ are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.

scholarly journals Volatile-rich melts as markers of the asthenospheric influx prior to rifting events: the case of the alkaline-carbonatitic lamprophyres of the Dolomitic Area (Southern Alps, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Casetta ◽  
Ryan B. Ickert ◽  
Darren F. Mark ◽  
Costanza Bonadiman ◽  
Pier Paolo Giacomoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Melting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Enriched Mantle ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Geodynamic Processes ◽  
Alkaline Magmas ◽  
And Behavior

<p>The appearance of alkali- and volatile-rich melts often marks the opening of major magmatic cycles, always reflecting the partial melting of heterogeneously enriched mantle domains. In these cases the study of highly alkaline, H<sub>2</sub>O-CO<sub>2</sub>-rich magmatic pulses provide important insights on the composition and behavior of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) prior to rift initiation. The camptonitic dykes cropping out at Predazzo (Dolomitic Area, NE Italy) are among the oldest examples of lamprophyric rocks in Italy, and were historically related to the orogenic-like Middle Triassic magmatism of the Southern Alps. A detailed petrological, geochemical and geochronological characterization of these rocks was developed to frame them inside the articulated geodynamic evolution of the Southern Alps domain during Triassic. Whole-rock and mineral phase geochemistry, together with <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar data showed that Predazzo lamprophyres represent an alkaline-carbonatitic magmatic event temporally isolated (~220 Ma) from the major Ladinian orogenic-like magmatism of the Southern Alps (~238 Ma). Lamprophyres can thus be attributed to the volumetrically limited alkaline magmatic phase that infiltrated several portions of the Southern Alps lithosphere between 225 and 190 Ma. Partial melting models and Sr-Nd isotopes demonstrate that Predazzo lamprophyres were produced by low partial melting degree of a garnet-amphibole-bearing mantle source interacting with a significant asthenospheric contribution. In the light of these new findings, they are interpreted as the geochemical/geochronological bridge between the orogenic-like Ladinian magmatism and the rifting phase related to the opening of the Alpine Tethys. This study highlights the paramount importance of alkaline magmas for tracking the volatiles cycle in the SCLM and the potential lithosphere-asthenosphere interactions during large-scale geodynamic processes.</p>

scholarly journals What Is Cognitive Education?

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mental Skills ◽  
Cognitive Education ◽  
Successful Intelligence ◽  
Recent Addition ◽  
And Behavior

Cognitive education is education that seeks to improve the cognitive (mental) skills of the student in order that the students can lead constructive and satisfying lives. There are many different models for cognitive education, but I have constructed a career doing cognitive education through a “theory of successful intelligence” (Sternberg, 1997, 2010; Sternberg & Grigorenko, 2007; Sternberg, Jarvin, & Grigorenko, 2009; Sternberg, Kaufman, & Grigorenko, 2008)—a theory that can be used in teaching not only on a small scale but also on a large scale.In this article, I first describe the theory of successful intelligence. Next, I describe how the theory has been augmented in recent years through the addition of wisdom. Then I discuss an even more recent addition, the role of ethical reasoning and behavior. Finally, I draw some conclusions.

scholarly journals Causal Shannon–Fisher Characterization of Motor/Imagery Movements in EEG

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Román Baravalle ◽  
Osvaldo Rosso ◽  
Fernando Montani
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method that allows us to glimpse the electrical activity of the brain. Neural oscillations patterns are perhaps the best salient feature of EEG as they are rhythmic activities of the brain that can be generated by interactions across neurons. Large-scale oscillations can be measured by EEG as the different oscillation patterns reflected within the different frequency bands, and can provide us with new insights into brain functions. In order to understand how information about the rhythmic activity of the brain during visuomotor/imagined cognitive tasks is encoded in the brain we precisely quantify the different features of the oscillatory patterns considering the Shannon–Fisher plane H × F . This allows us to distinguish the dynamics of rhythmic activities of the brain showing that the Beta band facilitate information transmission during visuomotor/imagined tasks.

Galantamine in the Treatment of Vascular Dementia

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (S1) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Robert Brashear
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
And Behavior

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a disorder with no cure and limited treatment options. Similarities between VaD and Alzheimer's disease (AD) arise on a number of levels. Both involve progressive decline in cognition, functional ability, and behavior, and there is evidence for a central role of reduced cholinergic neurotransmission in the two illnesses. Treatment strategies in VaD have historically focused on prevention, although evidence of cognitive benefits with preventative treatment is scarce. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors represent a rational treatment possibility for symptomatic therapy of patients with VaD. A recent large-scale trial of galantamine in patients with VaD or AD with cerebrovascular disease (AD + CVD) represents the first placebo-controlled trial showing clinically relevant benefits in these important patient populations.

scholarly journals Preverbal ge- in Old and Middle English

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 15-48
Author(s):  
Thomas McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Old English ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
English Prose ◽  
Cursory Examination ◽  
Diachronic Development

This paper aims to work toward a proper understanding of the role of preverbal ge- in Old English (henceforth OE) and its disappearance in the course of Middle English. This prefix is reminiscent of its cognates in Modern German and Dutch (also written ge-) in its distribution, but even a cursory examination of the details reveals it to be quite distinct, as we will see. The proper characterization of that distribution, and of its diachronic development, has proven to be extremely difficult. I have thus carried out a large-scale corpus study using the York-Toronto-Helsinki parsed corpus of Old English prose (Taylor et al. 2003) and the Penn-Helsinki parsed corpus of Middle English, 2nd ed. (Kroch & Taylor 1999). This paper will report the results of the first phase of the project, involving patterns in the data that could be identified primarily on the basis of automatic searches in the corpora.  

Characterization of human septin interactions

2011 ◽  
Vol 392 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstin Sandrock ◽  
Ingrid Bartsch ◽  
Susanne Bläser ◽  
Anja Busse ◽  
Eileen Busse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Potential Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Two Hybrid

Abstract Septins constitute a group of GTP binding proteins that assemble into homo- and hetero-oligomeric complexes and filaments. These higher order septin structures are thought to function like scaffolds and/or diffusion barriers serving as spatial localizers for many proteins with key roles in cell polarity and cell cycle progression. In this study, we extensively characterized septin interaction partners using yeast two-hybrid and three-hybrid systems in addition to precipitation analyses in platelets. As a result, we identified human hetero-trimeric septin complexes on a large scale, which had been only postulated in the past. In addition, we illustrated roles of SEPT9 that might contribute to hetero-trimeric septin complex formation. SEPT9 can substitute for septins of the SEPT2 group and partially for SEPT7. Mutagenic analyses revealed that mutation of a potential phosphorylation site in SEPT7 (Y318) regulates the interaction with other septins. We identified several septin-septin interactions in platelets suggesting a regulatory role of diverse septin complexes in platelet function.

scholarly journals Selection and characterization of a SpaCBA pilus-secreting food-grade derivative of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne L. P. Tytgat ◽  
Pia Rasinkangas ◽  
Jarmo Ritari ◽  
Justus Reunanen ◽  
Steven Aalvink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Key Points

AbstractMany studies have established the functional properties of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, previously known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, marketed worldwide as a probiotic. The extraordinary capacity of L. rhamnosus GG to bind to human mucus and influence the immune system especially stand out. Earlier, we have shown the key role of its SpaCBA sortase-dependent pili encoded by the spaCBA-srtC1 gene cluster herein. These heterotrimeric pili consist of a shaft pilin SpaA, a basal pilin SpaB, and tip pilin SpaC that contains a mucus-binding domain. Here, we set out to characterize a food-grade non-GMO mutant of L. rhamnosus GG, strain PA11, which secretes its pilins, rather than coupling them to the cell surface, due to a defect in the housekeeping sortase A. The sortase-negative strain PA11 was extensively characterized using functional genomics and biochemical approaches and found to secrete the SpaCBA pili into the supernatant. Given the functional importance and uniqueness of the mucus-binding pili of L. rhamnosus GG, strain PA11 offers novel opportunities towards the characterization and further therapeutic application of SpaCBA pili and their low-cost, large-scale production. Key points •Creation of pilus-secreting mutant (PA11) of the key probiotic LGG. •Strain PA11 is defective in a functional housekeeping sortase SrtA. •Strain PA11 opens novel biotherapeutic application avenues. Graphical abstract

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