scholarly journals All downhill from the PhD? The typical impact trajectory of U.S. academic careers

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1334-1348
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall ◽  
Ruth Fairclough
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Citation Impact ◽  
National Average ◽  
Academic Careers ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Impact Research ◽  
Average Citation ◽  
Over Time

Within academia, mature researchers tend to be more senior, but do they also tend to write higher impact articles? This article assesses long-term publishing (16+ years) United States (U.S.) researchers, contrasting them with shorter-term publishing researchers (1, 6, or 10 years). A long-term U.S. researcher is operationalized as having a first Scopus-indexed journal article in exactly 2001 and one in 2016–2019, with U.S. main affiliations in their first and last articles. Researchers publishing in large teams (11+ authors) were excluded. The average field and year normalized citation impact of long- and shorter-term U.S. researchers’ journal articles decreases over time relative to the national average, with especially large falls for the last articles published, which may be at least partly due to a decline in self-citations. In many cases researchers start by publishing above U.S. average citation impact research and end by publishing below U.S. average citation impact research. Thus, research managers should not assume that senior researchers will usually write the highest impact papers.

scholarly journals Domestic researchers with longer careers generate higher average citation impact but it does not increase over time

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Nabeil Maflahi ◽  
Mike Thelwall
Keyword(s):  
Journal Article ◽  
Citation Impact ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
National Average ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Average Citation ◽  
Funding Policies ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Information about the relative strengths of scholars is needed for the efficient running of knowledge systems. Since academic research requires many skills, more experienced researchers might produce better research and attract more citations. This article assesses career citation impact changes 2001-2016 for domestic researchers (definition: first and last Scopus journal article in the same country) from the twelve nations with most Scopus documents. Careers are analysed longitudinally, so that changes are not due to personnel evolution, such as researchers leaving or entering a country. The results show that long term domestic researchers do not tend to improve their citation impact over time but tend to achieve their average citation impact by their first or second Scopus journal article. In some countries, this citation impact subsequently declines. These longer-term domestic researchers have higher citation impact than the national average in all countries, however, whereas scholars publishing only one journal article have substantially lower citation impact in all countries. The results are consistent with an efficiently functioning researcher selection system but cast slight doubt on the long-term citation impact potential of long-term domestic researchers. Research and funding policies may need to accommodate these patterns when citation impact is a relevant indicator. Peer Review https://publons.com/publon/10.1162/qss_a_00132

Ensuring High-Quality Implementation and Sustainability of Evidence-Based Interventions and Coalitions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail A. Fagan ◽  
J. David Hawkins ◽  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
David P. Farrington
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technical Support ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Community Based ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Coalition Functioning

This chapter reviews the importance of delivering community-based systems and EBIs with fidelity (i.e., in accordance with their implementation requirements) and sustaining these interventions over time. The chapter describes the training and technical support provided in CTC to ensure that coalitions take necessary actions to maintain their functioning in the long term and deliver EBIs in adherence to their core components and to their intended recipients. It is especially important that coalitions collect data on coalition functioning and EBI delivery and use these data when problems are identified. Examples of how CTC coalitions in the United States and other countries have engaged in these efforts are highlighted.

scholarly journals New Medium, Same Story? Gender Gaps in Book Publishing

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
David J. Samuels ◽  
Dawn Langan Teele
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTRecent research points to a gender gap in journal-article authorship: women are underrepresented. Given that publishing a book remains central to many political scientists’ careers, this article explores the extent to which gender publication and citation gaps also exist for books. We find that although the gender publication gap for university-press books has narrowed over time, it remains larger than for journal articles. We also find that book-authorship patterns do not reflect the shift toward coauthorship observed for journal articles. Conversely, we find no gender citation gap for books written by one woman. However, books coauthored by coed teams or teams of women receive far fewer citations than books written by one man or one woman or by teams of men.

scholarly journals Rheumatoid Arthritis Disability and Absence Trends in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 1238-1245
Author(s):  
Richard A Brook ◽  
Nathan L Kleinman ◽  
Ian A Beren
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Database Analysis ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Constant Cost ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Replacement Factor ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: Employers increasingly focus on absence benefits and connections with employee health. United States absence benefits include Sick Leave (SL), Short- and Long-Term Disability (STD and LTD, respectively) for non-work-related injuries/illnesses, and Workers’ Compensation (WC) for work-related injuries/illnesses. This research explores all-cause absence (SL, STD, LTD, and WC) utilization and changes from baseline for eligible employees with rheumatoid arthritis to determine if the use a constant payment factor is appropriate for models. Study Design: Retrospective multi-year database analysis. Methods: The Workpartners database (1/1/2001-12/31/2019) was used to identify employees with rheumatoid arthritis with adjudicated medical claims. Annual prevalence, benefit utilization, mean days of leave, and median payments (as % of salary) were analyzed. Annual outcomes were calculated as a percent of baseline (2001). Results: Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence averaged 0.5% between 2001 and 2019. At baseline, the percent of eligible employees using STD = 15.5%, LTD = 0.7%, WC = 1.7%, SL = 61.7%. Mean absence days were 48.5, 367.5, 43.8 for STD, LTD, WC, respectively and median payments were 70.5%, 22.2%, 65.7% of salary for STD, LTD, WC, respectively. From 2002-2019: 11.7%-16.9% of eligible employees filed STD claims for 82.1%-995.9% of baseline days and 80.4%-125.9% median payments; 0.6%-2.9% of eligible employees filed LTD claims for 66.6%-114.7% of baseline days and 63.2%-254.8% median payments; 0.3%-1.6% of eligible employees filed WC claims for 44.0%-472.8% of baseline days and 70.4%-271.5% median payments. Median payments were highest in 2012, 2019, 2003 for STD, LTD, WC, respectively and the most absence days were used in 2017 for SL and LTD, 2008 for STD, and 2005 WC. Conclusion: Employees with rheumatoid arthritis used absence benefits at differing rates over time with varying leave-lengths and payments. Using a constant cost or salary replacement factor for absence costs over time and across benefits is not accurate.

scholarly journals A century of decoupling size and structure of urban spaces in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes H. Uhl ◽  
Dylan S. Connor ◽  
Stefan Leyk ◽  
Anna E. Braswell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Development Trajectories ◽  
Similar Development ◽  
Over Time

AbstractMost cities in the United States of America are thought to have followed similar development trajectories to evolve into their present form. However, data on spatial development of cities are limited prior to 1970. Here we leverage a compilation of high-resolution spatial land use and building data to examine the evolving size and form (shape and structure) of US metropolitan areas since the early twentieth century. Our analysis of building patterns over 100 years reveals strong regularities in the development of the size and density of cities and their surroundings, regardless of timing or location of development. At the same time, we find that trajectories regarding shape and structure are harder to codify and more complex. We conclude that these discrepant developments of urban size- and form-related characteristics are driven, in part, by the long-term decoupling of these two sets of attributes over time.

scholarly journals The Rise, Demise, and Reprise of the Increasingly Protracted APA Journal Article?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Val Wongsomboon ◽  
Elizabeth Mahar
Keyword(s):  
Journal Article ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Journal Impact ◽  
Over Time

Are APA journal articles getting longer or shorter over time? Earlier work that examined changes over time in article length in 24 APA journals (1986–2005) found that pages per article increased over time for the average journal, peaking around 2001, and then plateauing thereafter (Webster, 2007). But have these trends continued during the past 14 years? The current research extends prior work by adding additional years (1986–2019) and four additional journals (28 journals; 34 years; 865 total observations). Multilevel growth curve analyses revealed a cubic effect of time on average article length, showing an increase in the 1980s and 1990s, a plateau or slight decline in the 2000s, and a slight increase again in the 2010s. Journal impact factors (JIFs) moderated linear growth over time; journals with higher JIFs had larger linear increases in article length. Exploratory multilevel interrupted time-series analyses suggested that the average linear change in pages per article over time was more positive following the start of psychology’s credibility crisis (2012–2019) than before it (1986–2011), which may relate to an increased emphasis on reporting details and transparency. We discuss implications for article length in the contexts of publishing and psychology’s ongoing credibility crisis.

Rate of Profit in the United States and in China (2007–2014): A Look at Two Trajectories and Strategic Sectors

2020 ◽  
pp. 048661342091768
Author(s):  
Adalmir Antonio Marquetti ◽  
Catari Vilela Chaves ◽  
Leonardo Costa Ribeiro ◽  
Eduardo da Motta e Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Average ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rate Of Profit ◽  
Over Time

This paper investigates the turbulent behavior that might exist under a national average rate of profit. We use a database—ORBIS—that allows our investigation to start from the level of the firm, with data from 2007 to 2014. A comparison between the United States and China organizes the statistical description of the rates of profit in those countries. Three issues are investigated: the trajectories of the national average rate of profit and their disaggregation; the distribution of different rates of profit by firms, economic sectors, and manufacturing sectors, and the stability of those distributions over time.

scholarly journals The Rise, Demise, and Reprise of the Increasingly Protracted APA Journal Article?

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162199753
Author(s):  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Val Wongsomboon ◽  
Elizabeth A. Mahar
Keyword(s):  
Journal Article ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Journal Impact ◽  
Over Time

Are APA journal articles getting longer or shorter over time? Earlier work that examined changes over time in article length in 24 APA journals (1986–2005) found that pages per article increased over time for the average journal, peaking around 2001, and then plateaued thereafter. But have these trends continued during the past 14 years? The current research extends prior work by adding additional years (1986–2019) and four additional journals (28 journals, 34 years, and 865 total observations). Multilevel growth curve analyses revealed a cubic effect of time on average article length, showing an increase in the 1980s and 1990s, a plateau or slight decline in the 2000s, and a slight increase again in the 2010s. Journal impact factors (JIFs) moderated linear growth over time; journals with higher JIFs had larger linear increases in article length. Exploratory multilevel interrupted time-series analyses suggested that the average linear increase in pages per article over time was greater after the start of psychology’s credibility crisis (2012–2019) than before it (1986–2011), which may relate to an increased emphasis on reporting details and transparency. We discuss implications for article length in the contexts of publishing and psychology’s ongoing credibility crisis.

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