Bilingualism in Indonesia: Ethnic Language Maintenance and the Spread of the National Language

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.W.J. Nababan
Keyword(s):  
Language Maintenance ◽  
National Language ◽  
Ethnic Language

scholarly journals STRENGTHENING THE NATION VIA- NATIONAL LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SOCIAL IDENTITY REINFORCEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Dedi Aprianto
Keyword(s):  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Social Background ◽  
National Language ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Indigenous Language ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Language Death ◽  
Ethnic Language

Conveniently, human language could be taken into consideration as a worth property at outset belonged to the whole man. It has been comprising a proper way for conveying thoughts, expression, and aims as well. A particular language is not only regarded as a national one but as a personal identity of nation. Thus, a language might articulate a given identity belonging to society such as way of speech and way of thinking. The presence of different way of talking is resulted by the different social background. Moreover, it is regarded as part of the groups existing in a community having sameness in terms of synchronic participation to produce a common language. In relevance to language as marvelous identity in which set of each human ought to be maintained through Education, language Policies, and language improvement. A nation might be considered as being progressive while possessing a particular language representing a typical and fervent identity. Having had fervent idealized identity, a nation could have been led to flourishing one in terms of expancement through a national language as well as ethnic language maintenance. In line with social changes passing in capacious social aspects which trigger towards human language as social, economy, politic, and culture. These social aspects of life could have been affected by unawareness of national language maintenance. Thus, the writer puts forward social change in terms of language shift to language death. A national language is considered as a identity symbolizing the existence of it, signifying the unite of folk, and triggering towards progressive traits of nation. In case of indigenous language lies on paramount role in terms of national aims due to the fact that aboriginal language belonging to societies can signifies its identity as well as represents the culture. A common type of language ideology are standard language ideologies, the belief that language homogeneity is beneficial to society to construct interconnection in the hope that they may properly make language live. Thus, the expancement of national language as well as indigenous language would be increasingly wide-spread towards national Advancement.

Anglo-Australians’ and Immigrants’ Attitudes toward Language and Accent: A Review of Experimental and Survey Research

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Callan ◽  
Cynthia Gallois
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
National Language ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Opportunities To Learn ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
Ethnic Language

Research on the language attitudes of members of dominant and minority speech communities has special importance in countries such as Australia, where governments are in the process of developing a national language policy. Research in Australia suggests that Anglo-Australians remain strongly monolingual and Anglophile in their attitudes; they support educational programs on other languages mainly for their children's own educational advantage. In addition, they show preference in most situations for standard or prestige varieties of English. Second generation members of immigrant groups are under strong pressure to assimilate and to abandon their community languages. Opportunities to learn and use community language are somewhat restricted. In addition, young, second generation Australians may in some cases have even more negative attitudes toward nonstandard accents in English then do Anglo-Australians although they may value their own ethnic language as a signal of solidarity with their ethnic community.

scholarly journals Odor Markers of Poetical Speech of the Beginning of the XX Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-61
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Cherevchenko
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
New Words ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Living Organisms

The article deals with an attempt to characterize a smell in human knowledge, analyzed the points of view of different scientists concerning this problem, considered odor markers of the artistic text as components of united system of verbal and non verbal individual resources aimed at forming different types of subtext. The olfactory feeling occupies the special place in the vital functions of man. They arose up one of the first, next to taste, which provided the living organisms two basic functions: feed and reproduction. However, in the process of evolution, olfactory feelings experienced the biggest changes European poetry of the beginning of XX century is interesting in its aspiration to create a new poetical speech that is why the attention is adhered to odor instruments, when the smell became an expression of the esthetical subtext. Odor content of the poetical speech of the XX century is one of the most important tools of forming content deepness of the text meaning, disclosure of the palette of meanings. The research is based on the material of poetry of representatives of Silver age and Ukrainian neoclassicists. The research proves that the most dynamic is lexical system of the language which helps to show ethnic language map of the world in artistic text. It studies the evolution of an individual author’s nomination in the poetic creativity of M. Rylsky, M. Zerov, Y. Klen, M. Dray-Hmara, P. Fylypovych, A. Block, N. Gumilov, A. Akchmatova, V. Maiakovski, S. Jesenin, V. Chlebnikov, O. Mandelshtam, M. Zvietaieva, V. Briusov and others. The paper examines the semantic-derivative structure of innovations of odor lexems, classifies the most numerous lexical and semantic groups of new words for identifying smell, and defines typical signs of odorous lexemes that represent the specific national language and poetic view of the world. Materials of the research can be used in teaching such subjects as “Modern Ukrainian Literary Language (lexicology, phraseology, lexicography)”, “Stylistics and Culture of the Ukrainian Language”, “Rhetoric and Linguistic Analysis of Artistic Text”, as well as special courses on ethnolinguistics, linguopoetics; for writing chapters devoted to the study of trope units, in textbooks and manuals; in lexicographic practice when compiling dictionaries of the writer’s language.

scholarly journals The Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Konjo in Bulukumba Regency of South Sulawesi, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Sri Ningsih ◽  
Hamzah Machmoed ◽  
Noer Jihad Saleh ◽  
Ria Jubhari
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Ethnic Identification ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Ethnolinguistic Vitality ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
Sheer Number

The maintenance of an ethnic language in a multilingual setting depends on many factors, and it is including language vitality. This study examines the vitality of the Konjo language in South Sulawesi. By demonstrating the ethnolinguistic vitality (EV) theory, this descriptive study examines Konjo language vitality in two contexts: ethnically homogeneous and ethnically heterogeneous areas in Bulukumba Regency. In the homogenous area, status, demographic, and institutional support are factors to contribute to the EV of Konjo. However, in the heterogeneous area, demographic factors contribute little while status and institutional support contribute to the maintenance of the language. The result of this study shows that the sheer number of Konjo community members distributed throughout the heterogeneous area is not sufficient for language maintenance. Nevertheless, Konjo EV remains high overall because of the community’s strong cultural and ethnic identification with their heritage language..

Speaking in (Whose) Tongue

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai Fong Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
National Language ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Religious Conversions ◽  
Private And Public

This article discusses the intricate religio-linguistic links in multiethnic, multi-religion and multi-lingual Singapore, and looks at how language use in religious activities may affect language maintenance. As an ethnographic study, it examines heritage language use in both private and public domains of traditional religious events, in addition to discussing the implications that meaning-making processes involved in religious conversions in multi-faith families have for heritage language maintenance. The study also reveals the family institution as a stronghold where national language policy does not fully penetrate, and argues that the vitality of heritage language may depend on how successfully cultural and religious practices continue to be performed in the heritage languages.

Bahasa Indonesia, Ethnic Languages and English: Perceptions on Indonesian Language Policy and Planning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanty Wirza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
National Language ◽  
Language Policy And Planning ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
Policy And Planning ◽  
Competitive Nature ◽  
Recent Government ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Language policy and planning in Indonesia have been geared toward strengthening the national language Bahasa Indonesia and the preserving of hundreds of ethnic languages to strengthen its citizens’ linguistic identity in the mid of the pervasive English influences especially to the young generations. The study examines perceptions regarding the competitive nature of Bahasa Indonesia, ethnic languages, and English in contemporary multilingual Indonesia. Utilizing text analysis from two social media Facebook and Whatsapp users who were highly experienced and qualified language teachers and lecturers, the study revealed that the posts demonstrated discussions over language policy issues regarding Bahasa Indonesia and the preservation of ethnic language as well as the concerns over the need for greater access and exposure of English that had been limited due to recent government policies. The users seemed highly cognizant of the importance of strengthening and preserving the national and ethnic languages, but were disappointed by the lack of consistency in the implementation of these. The users were also captivated by the purchasing power English has to offer for their students. The users perceived that the government’s decision to reduce English instructional hours in the curriculum were highly politically charged and counterproductive to the nation’s advancement.

scholarly journals Sociolinguistic determinants of heritage language maintenance and second language acquisition in bilingual immigrant speakers

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-65
Author(s):  
Ilona Banasiak ◽  
Magdalena Olpińska-Szkiełko
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
National Language ◽  
Heritage Language Maintenance ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
L2 Development

The objective of the study was to scrutinise the determinants of heritage language maintenance and second language acquisition in immigrant speakers and assess their significance and weight. Over one hundred cases of bilingual speakers with Polish as L1 (heritage language; Polish speakers abroad) and as L2 (national language; immigrant learners of Polish in Poland) were investigated in order to better understand the linguistic changes and multilingual practices involved in the process of relocating to another country. The cases underwent quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results revealed that in most cases bilinguals are at a high risk of losing their L1, and L2 becomes their dominant language. With the dominance of L2, identification with the culture of the country of residence also increases in bilinguals. Formal instruction in L1 proves to be the most important factor in heritage language maintenance, and the preservation of a sense of identification with the heritage culture. An important role in L1 and also L2 development is played by parental support and their actions.

scholarly journals Multilingualism and Language Maintenance in the East Timorese Diaspora in Portugal

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Goglia & Susana Alfonso
Keyword(s):  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
East Timor ◽  
National Language ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Historical Changes ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
National Languages ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

 The East Timorese linguistic repertoire is complex. It comprises Tetum and Portuguese (now both official languages in East Timor), Bahasa Indonesia and other local national languages. Moreover, different generations have different degrees of knowledge and use of these languages due to historical changes and resulting language policies in East Timor. In this article, we analyze multilingualism in the East Timorese community in Portugal using sociolinguistic questionnaires on language use, choice and attitudes. The result of our analysis shows that the East Timorese multilingual repertoire is re-shaped in the immigrant context in the following way: Tetum is the only East Timorese national language which is maintained and functions as an East Timorese identity marker. Informants have a positive attitude towards Portuguese, clearly identifying it as a High language. Furthermore, Bahasa Indonesia is still maintained to a certain degree in some domains. 

scholarly journals Language Situation among the Armenians of Baghdad: A Sociolinguistic Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Asst. Inst. Tiba Abdulkareem Al-Obaidi
Keyword(s):  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
The Family ◽  
Community Profile ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Demographic Background ◽  
The Church ◽  
At Home

This study investigates the language situation of the Armenian language among the Armenians of Baghdad. The researcher examines the domains of language where the Armenians use their ethnic language and the factors that support them use their ethnic language side by side with Arabic language. The researcher uses a pilot questionnaire that helped her to create a community profile which gives information about the community. She uses a sociolinguistic questionnaire, which is formed by the information taken from pilot questionnaire, to answer the main questions of the study. She distributed the questionnaire to 50 participants from different demographic background from Armenian community. The study concludes that the Armenians of Baghdad still preserve their ethnic language and use it restrictedly at home, church and in social religious events. The study also finds that the home, the family and the church are the major factors that maintain the Armenian language among the community in Baghdad. It also shows other factors that maintain the Armenian language such as schools, institutions, and the historic events that live in the memory of the community that contribute to the language maintenance.

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