Multilingualism and Language Maintenance in the East Timorese Diaspora in Portugal

The East Timorese linguistic repertoire is complex. It comprises Tetum and Portuguese (now both official languages in East Timor), Bahasa Indonesia and other local national languages. Moreover, different generations have different degrees of knowledge and use of these languages due to historical changes and resulting language policies in East Timor. In this article, we analyze multilingualism in the East Timorese community in Portugal using sociolinguistic questionnaires on language use, choice and attitudes. The result of our analysis shows that the East Timorese multilingual repertoire is re-shaped in the immigrant context in the following way: Tetum is the only East Timorese national language which is maintained and functions as an East Timorese identity marker. Informants have a positive attitude towards Portuguese, clearly identifying it as a High language. Furthermore, Bahasa Indonesia is still maintained to a certain degree in some domains.

Migration, Language Policies, and Language Rights in Luxembourg

Acta Universitatis Sapientiae European and Regional Studies ◽

10.2478/auseur-2018-0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 87-104

Author(s):

Abhimanyu Sharma

Keyword(s):

National Language ◽

The Other ◽

Medium Of Instruction ◽

Language Rights ◽

Language Policies ◽

Ideal Case ◽

Primary Level ◽

Official Languages ◽

The One ◽

Abstract This paper deals with the state of language rights in Luxembourg in the light of immigration and the multilingualism associated with it. Although Luxembourg might appear to be an ideal case of multilingualism with three official languages (Luxembourgish, French, and German), the reality is very different because its language policies are marked by a hierarchy: while Luxembourgish has the symbolic dominance as the ‘national language’, French is the preferred language in the workplace and administration. The situation has become complex due to the steady influx of immigrants since the 1970s. Currently, more than 40 per cent of Luxembourg’s population consists of foreigners, and this has changed the linguistic situation in the sense that Portuguese has become one of the most widely spoken languages in Luxembourg, although it does not enjoy any legal safeguards. Taking account of this multilingual scenario, this paper examines the rights of different linguistic communities in Luxembourg. On the one hand, there is the need to protect Luxembourgish, which is the majority language in Luxembourg but a minority language when compared to other national languages of Europe, while, on the other hand, the needs of its Portuguesespeaking community also have to be taken into account since the use of German as the medium of instruction at primary level disadvantages them. Finally, the paper will also consider the role and the future of the other two main languages (French and German).

Pemertahanan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Language Maintenance And Development)

Widyaparwa ◽

10.26499/wdprw.v46i1.166 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 91-98

Author(s):

Dewa Putu Wijana

Keyword(s):

Language Policy ◽

Positive Attitude ◽

Language Maintenance ◽

Cultural Development ◽

National Language ◽

The World ◽

Bahasa Indonesia ◽

Local Languages

The success of the Indonesian nation to bring Malay language into a national language is a remarkable achievement that is not necessarily done by other nations.Many countries in the world, such as India, Philippines, Singapore, and so on have not succeeded in following the success of the Indonesian nation in establishing their language policy line. However, this success is not supported by the positive attitude of its speakers to maintain and develop its national language. In this regard, the pride of Indonesian and the pride of local languages as an element of Indonesian language and cultural development must be continuously improved. Keberhasilan bangsa Indonesia mengangkat bahasa Melayu menjadi bahasa nasional merupakan prestasi yang luar biasa yang belum tentu dapat dilakukan oleh bangsa lain. Banyak negara di dunia, seperti India, Filipina, Singapura, dan sebagainya sampai sekarang belum berhasil mengikuti kesuksesan bangsa Indonesia dalam menetapkan garis kebijakan kebahasaannya. Namun, keberhasilan ini ternyata tidak didukung oleh sikap positif para penuturnya untuk mempertahankan dan mengembangkan bahasa nasionalnya. Sehubungan dengan itu, kebanggaan terhadap bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa-bahasa daerah sebagai unsur pengembangan bahasa dan budaya Indonesia harus terus ditingkatkan.

Dimensions of language education policy in Asia

Journal of Asian Pacific Communication ◽

10.1075/japc.00043.kir ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (1-2) ◽

pp. 7-33

Author(s):

Anthony J. Liddicoat ◽

Andy Kirkpatrick

Keyword(s):

Education Policy ◽

Foreign Language ◽

Language Education ◽

Indigenous Languages ◽

National Language ◽

Foreign Languages ◽

Nation State ◽

Language Policies ◽

Language Education Policy ◽

Abstract This paper will identify the major trends that can be determined from an overall study of recent language policies across Asia. The trends can be seen across three interrelated themes, namely: the promotion and privileging of one language as the national language as part of an attempt to create a nation state, often in polities that are linguistically extremely diverse; a decrease in the promotion of indigenous languages other than the national language and the neglect of these in education in many countries; and the promotion of English as the first foreign language in education systems, often giving other ‘foreign’ languages a minimal role in education. Possible reasons and motivations for these trends will be discussed and countries where exceptions to these trends can be identified will be illustrated. The aim of the paper will be to discuss these trends and to critically evaluate selected language policies. The paper will conclude with predictions for the future linguistic ecology of the region and for the interrelationships of respective national languages, indigenous languages and English

PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE USE AMONG MULTILINGUAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS MAJORING IN ENGLISH

LITERA ◽

10.21831/ltr.v19i2.27135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Emi Nursanti ◽

Erna Andriyanti ◽

Paulus Kurnianta ◽

Titik Sudartinah

Keyword(s):

Foreign Language ◽

Language Use ◽

English Literature ◽

National Language ◽

Literature Study ◽

Study Program ◽

Local Language ◽

The Law ◽

The Government ◽

As a multilingual country, the Indonesian government has set the positions of local language, national language, and foreign language in education through Law of National Education System No.20 of 2003, Chapter VII, Article 33. Fifteen years passed and this paper seeks to find the results of the law in higher education students by investigating the patterns of language use of multilingual students in English Literature Study Program of FBS UNY. This is a descriptive study with parallel mixed method design. The data in this study were responses upon questions in the questionnaires distributed to respondents where the results were then analyzed quantitatively by using SPSS (17) and the results of interviews were analyzed qualitatively. The source of data in this study were 162 respondents who were students of English Literature study program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta year 2015-2017. The results show that at home, more than 60% of students use Javanese with intimacy and habit as motivating factors. As English Literature students, they are more exposed to media in Bahasa Indonesia. On the campus, English is only used for academic purposes, Bahasa Indonesia for communicating with lecturers while Javanese is for a casual talk with classmates. Javanese is close to traditional commerce while for the modern one, they prefer to use Bahasa Indonesia. For cognitive and mental activities, Bahasa Indonesia is the most dominant, and Javanese is used more than English. These results imply that rather than conforming to the law made by the government, contexts play a more important role in forming people’s language choices.Keywords: multilingualism, local language, national language, foreign language, English Literature UNY POLA PENGGUNAAN BAHASA MAHASISWA MULTILINGUAL JURUSAN BAHASA INGGRISSebagai negara multibahasa, pemerintah Indonesia telah menetapkan posisi bahasa daerah, bahasa nasional, dan bahasa asing dalam pendidikan melalui Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional No.20 tahun 2003, Bab VII, Pasal 33. Lima belas tahun telah berlalu dan tulisan ini berupaya untuk menemukan penerapan hasil hukum tersebut pada mahasiswa dengan menyelidiki pola penggunaan bahasa mahasiswa multibahasa di Program Studi Sastra Inggris FBS UNY. Ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan metode campuran paralel. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah tanggapan mahasiswa terhadap pertanyaan dalam kuesioner yang hasilnya kemudian dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan SPSS (17) serta hasil wawancara yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah 162 responden yang merupakan mahasiswa program studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta angkatan tahun 2015-2017. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa di rumah, lebih dari 60% mahasiswa menggunakan bahasa Jawa dengan keakraban dan kebiasaan sebagai faktor pendorongnya. Sebagai mahasiswa Sastra Inggris, mereka lebih terpapar media dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Di kampus, bahasa Inggris hanya digunakan untuk tujuan akademik, Bahasa Indonesia untuk berkomunikasi dengan dosen, dan bahasa Jawa untuk percakapan santai dengan teman. Bahasa Jawa sangat dekat dengan perdagangan tradisional, sedangkan untuk perdagangan modern, mereka lebih memilih untuk menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia. Untuk kegiatan kognitif dan mental, Bahasa Indonesia adalah yang paling dominan, dan bahasa Jawa digunakan lebih dari bahasa Inggris. Hasil ini menyiratkan bahwa alih-alih menyesuaikan ketentuan yang telah dibuat oleh pemerintah, konteks memainkan peranan yang lebih penting dalam membentuk pilihan bahasa penggunanya.Kata kunci: multilingualisme, bahasa daerah, bahasa nasional, bahasa asing, Sastra Inggris UNY

Pengaruh Bahasa Asing terhadap Bahasa Indonesia di Tengah Arus Globalisasi

10.31227/osf.io/gk5h7 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Pinky Annisa

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Positive Attitude ◽

Public Awareness ◽

National Language ◽

Foreign Languages ◽

National Pride ◽

The People ◽

Global Language ◽

AbstractIn the era of globalization, such as at present the influence of foreign languages, especially English as a global language, is difficult to avoid. This hegemony appears everywhere and almost touches all aspects of the use of Indonesian. The use of foreign languages (English) is increasingly symptomatic. However, this symptom does not have to be allowed because it damages the growth and development of the Indonesian language. Indonesian language must still exist and become a tool of national pride and must remain sovereign in its own country. For this reason, the positive attitude of the Indonesian people must be encouraged to remain loyal to their national language. The attitude of nationalism does not need to be depleted due to globalization. Internationalization in the era of globalization in the Indonesian context does not have to be interpreted as pengingrisan Indonesian, but aimed at efforts to match, interpret, and absorb. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Through this research, it is expected to foster public awareness to continue to uphold the Indonesian language as a National language and the identity of the people, so that Indonesian language still exists even though foreign languages are being used by the people of Indonesia.

Speaking in (Whose) Tongue

Pragmatics and Society ◽

10.1075/ps.5.1.02chi ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 22-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wai Fong Chiang

Keyword(s):

Heritage Language ◽

Language Use ◽

Language Maintenance ◽

Meaning Making ◽

Ethnographic Study ◽

National Language ◽

Religious Activities ◽

Heritage Languages ◽

Religious Conversions ◽

Private And Public

This article discusses the intricate religio-linguistic links in multiethnic, multi-religion and multi-lingual Singapore, and looks at how language use in religious activities may affect language maintenance. As an ethnographic study, it examines heritage language use in both private and public domains of traditional religious events, in addition to discussing the implications that meaning-making processes involved in religious conversions in multi-faith families have for heritage language maintenance. The study also reveals the family institution as a stronghold where national language policy does not fully penetrate, and argues that the vitality of heritage language may depend on how successfully cultural and religious practices continue to be performed in the heritage languages.

MENYIKAPI KEBERTAHANAN BAHASA INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI GLOBALISASI DI BALI

Jurnal Santiaji Pendidikan (JSP) ◽

10.36733/jsp.v4i2.454 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 126-129

Author(s):

Ni Ketut Pola Rustini ◽

I Nyoman Diarta

Keyword(s):

Positive Attitude ◽

Rapid Development ◽

National Language ◽

Cultural Value ◽

Official Language ◽

Global Era ◽

Living Culture ◽

The People ◽

Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia in which the existence should be preserved by its own users because it is a part of living culture. Indonesian is a symbol of social and cultural value which bond to its society. It is one of the cultural treasures which can be developed to set the standard of national language. Seeing the rapid development in Bali to a more modern community, the people tend to be multilingual. Therefore there is a challenge for the existence of Indonesian in Bali especially in this global era. Ways to cope with this challenge is for the users to have positive attitude that is to be proud using Indonesian in speaking, to be loyal in using Indonesian and to be responsible in using the language appropriate with the context of the usage.

‘We are two languages here.’ The operation of language policies through spatial ideologies and practices in a co-located and a bilingual school

Multilingua ◽

10.1515/multi-2019-0008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 663-684

Author(s):

Tuuli From

Keyword(s):

School Facilities ◽

National Language ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

National Minority ◽

Minority Languages ◽

Language Policies ◽

Language Management ◽

Spatial Practices ◽

Bilingual School ◽

AbstractInstitutional education traditionally entails a premise of language separation. This article aims to analyse language management through spatial ideologies and practices as interconnected manifestations of language policies. Informed by post-structural theorisation, the analysis draws on ethnographic data produced at a co-located campus of Finnish- and Swedish-speaking monolingual schools in Finland and in a Sweden Finnish bilingual school in Sweden. In Finland, the two national languages, Finnish and Swedish, are separated in institutional education, although some of the monolingual Finnish- and Swedish-speaking schools share school facilities. In Sweden, education in one of the national minority languages, Finnish, is organised mainly in a few Sweden Finnish bilingual schools. The findings indicate that language separation in education is constructed as spatial ideologies and negotiated in the spatial practices of schools. Particularly in the context of Swedish in Finland, a spatial ideology promoting separation as a means for protecting language was reproduced. In Sweden, the protection of Finnish in the bilingual institution was under constant negotiation and embedded in the daily spatial practices rather than articulated as a spatial ideology. Linguistic hierarchies and their connections to national language policies become evident when analysing the spatial orders of educational institutions.

Notes on East Timor: Languages and Education

Asian Journal of Social Science ◽

10.1163/156853108x327119 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 36 (3-4) ◽

pp. 629-637 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

East Timor ◽

National Language ◽

Linguistic Complexity ◽

Official Languages

AbstractThis paper explains the linguistic complexity of East Timor. Portuguese and Tetum (the national language) are the official languages. To develop education, other languages such as English and Indonesian are necessary. A law on education has to back the Constitution drafted in 2001 to develop education an important tool of development.

Indigenous ethnic languages in Bangladesh: Paradoxes of the multilingual ecology

Ethnicities ◽

10.1177/14687968211021520 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 146879682110215

Author(s):

Shaila Sultana

Keyword(s):

Minority Groups ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

National Language ◽

Language Loss ◽

Ethnic Communities ◽

Cultural Economic ◽

Economic Significance ◽

Official Languages ◽

Languages are at the centre of nationalistic discourses across South Asia since they have played a historically and politically significant role in defining nationhood and both uniting and dividing countries throughout the British Empire. Despite multilingualism and multiculturalism, and vast differences in individual access to, and command of, mother tongue, national and official languages, paradoxically a collective language is always considered as an important imagined marker of ‘national’ identity. It is this latter point I explore by drawing on ethnographic fieldwork amongst Bangladeshi youths from indigenous ethnic communities who are designated as ethnic minority groups in Bangladesh. Positioning the paper at the nexus of multilingual ecology, I thereby investigate how youths from the indigenous ethnic communities perceive themselves with reference to their mother tongue, national language, and foreign language, and what impact their relationships, their preferences, and use have on the maintenance and sustainability of their mother tongue in the multilingual ecology. A qualitative content analysis of the data demonstrates that it is only by taking the varying potential scopes of language into account that we can fully appreciate these complex Asian multilingual ecologies, where the mother tongues, indigenous ethnic languages, national languages, and English have specific historical, political, and sociocultural significances. The discursive claims of Bangladeshi ethnic youth participants indicate that the presence of the ‘mother-tongue’ and ‘national language’ in these contexts is ideologically infused, layered, value-laden, relational, and paradoxical at the microlevel – as these languages are practiced and nurtured by the linguistically minoritized subjects themselves. They negotiate their relationship with these languages, strictly keeping in consideration the existence of other languages and their social, cultural, economic significance in the multilingual ecology. It is via the paradoxical role of these languages in contexts that the paper aims to identify the socio-psychological reasons behind language loss in Bangladesh.