"Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Oberauer
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
Client Relationships ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Traditional Patterns ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe present study examines the impact of British colonial rule on waqf practice in Zanzibar. I argue that colonial policy towards waqf did not aim at the dismantlement of waqf as such. Nonetheless, it disrupted traditional patterns of waqf practice. Traditionally, waqf was controlled by wealthy patron families who used endowments to foster bonds of dependence and loyalty with manifold clientele and to maintain mosques representing the patron's social status. This practice was antithetical to British political and economic ideas, which were modern and capitalist. British officials insisted that patrons must use their wealth as a business resource and that the maintenance of mosques was a responsibility of the state. Accordingly, the British controlled waqf administration classified endowments as either "family waqf" or "mosque waqf". The first was fully exploited in favour of the founder's family, while the latter was turned into revenue for public mosque upkeep. As a result, waqf ceased to be an economic base for patron-client relationships and clients were transformed into a modern working class entirely dependent on wage labour.

scholarly journals MAIN FEATURES OF FRENCH COLONIAL POLICY IN ALGER

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.N. Nuskabai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Research Work ◽  
European Population ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
The Impact

In this article, we investigated the history of Algeria in the period of colonial expansion of France. Explored the main aspects of this problem, characterized by various stages of social, economic and cultural development of colonial Algeria. The coexistence of the indigenous Algerian people and the European population in the years of French colonial rule is one of the most important factors that determined the whole course of modern history of Algeria. In this research work investigated the main features of the colonial policy of France in the nineteenth century, the impact of colonization on Algerian society, economic, social and political structure of Algeria during the French and European domination, and the liberation war in Algeria, the collapse of colonial rule and independence.

Economies of Violence: TheBhagavadgītāand the Fostering of Life in Gandhi's and Ghose's Anticolonial Theories

2013 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIMMY CASAS KLAUSEN
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Spiritual Perspectives ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Anticolonial Theory

This article compares the political theories that Mohandas Gandhi and Aurobindo Ghose develop around the assumption that harm or violence is an unavoidable feature of all human action. Both Ghose and Gandhi venerated theBhagavadgītāand shared a concern to foster life, and they shaped Hindu political theory by combining modern biological concepts with spiritual perspectives to determine the impact of harmful human actions within a totality of interdependent living beings. Although each thinker develops his anticolonial theory by balancing the value of life, the acceptance of an economy of violence, and the duty to act rather than renounce action, they diverge on the acceptability of violence whether in politics or in interactions with nature. Analyzing their framing of human actions as simultaneously biological and spiritual opens up a new perspective on Gandhi's refusal and Ghose's willingness to resort to violence in resistance to British colonial rule in India.

Introduction: Torture, Empire, and the Exception

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Deana Heath
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
High Court ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Colonial Violence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exposed Facets

Colonial Terror begins with an examination of a historic case before the High Court of England and Wales in 2011 regarding torture in colonial Kenya that exposed facets of the brutal violence that sustained Britain’s empire, and argues that the case and its aftermath offer a number of insights into the role of extraordinary violence in the operation of colonial states, and with it to the maintenance of imperial and colonial sovereignties, in addition to the discourses and practices of denial regarding British culpability for torture and other forms of colonial violence. After elucidating the book’s key arguments regarding the centrality of the torture of Indian bodies to the law-preserving violence of British colonial rule in India the introduction then considers both the virtual absence of colonial violence from British historical memory and recent scholarship on such violence in former British colonial contexts that seeks to redress such an absence. Proposing that scholars of colonial violence need to broaden their understanding of, and approaches to, violence, as well as the impact of violence on both bodies and minds, the introduction goes on to examine the scholarly literatures on, and lacunae in, colonial policing, colonial law, the colonial state, colonial sovereignties, and the use of torture and terror to construct and maintain such sovereignties, and suggests ways in which Colonial Terror will address such omissions.

SEVERAL ISSUES OF STRATIFICATION IN THE WORKING CLASS IN VIETNAM TODAY

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Van Giang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Class Society ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Impact

Social stratification is the division of society into different strata of economic, political, cultural and social status. In a class society, within each class there is also stratification. Vietnamese working class right from its inception until now, that stratification has been and is still taking place, due to the impact of domestic socio-economic development and external influences. The paper analyzes the stratified status of the working class, thereby proposing some solutions to develop Vietnam’s working class, the current period.

scholarly journals VIOLENCE, AUTHORITY, AND THE STATE IN THE NUBA MOUNTAINS OF CONDOMINIUM SUDAN

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUSTIN WILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Legitimate Authority ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unique Status

While British colonial rhetoric consistently identified tradition as the basis of legitimate authority, colonial practice actually produced far-reaching changes in the nature of government in Britain's African possessions. New institutions, and new holders of power, emerged in African societies in response to the particular needs of colonial administration. This article explores this transformation in one part of Condominium Sudan, which was effectively a British possession but which has often been excluded from historical discussions of the impact of colonialism because of its unique status. The Nuba Mountains have recently gained notoriety as a particularly bloody theatre of Sudan's long post-colonial civil war; while some have sought to explain this as the result of British policies which encouraged racial antagonism, the article suggests that here, as elsewhere in Africa, the real legacy of colonial rule was the creation of new kinds of local government which sat uneasily with enduring local ideas of spiritual power and proper authority.

scholarly journals Colonialism and Peace and Conflict Studies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Byrne ◽  
Mary Anne Clarke ◽  
Aziz Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Structural Violence ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Democratic Peace ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Peace And Conflict Studies ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Impact

The nature of colonialism is examined in this comparison of British colonial policy in Ireland and Canada toward Indigenous people. The histories and realities of Indigenous peoples’ experiences of colonizing violence are not adequately addressed by the dominant approaches of the democratic peace theory’s universalist neoliberal technocratic values, expectations, and assumptions (see Mac Ginty, 2013). PACS scholars and practitioners need new interpretive frames to make sense of the impact and consequences of colonialism and the intent of genocidal destruction across different colonial contexts in order to understand the deep roots of conflict (economic exploitation, internalization of oppression, racist ideology), and how we should go about critical and emancipatory peace building, theory building, and practice. The study of colonialism is required to understand conflict milieus characterized by structural violence in order to create a justpeace (see Lederach, 1997) that includes restorative and reconciliatory processes, and recognition of local people’s resilience and resistance to structural violence and social injustice (see Chandler, 2017).

Transported!

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-149
Author(s):  
Josephine McDonagh
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Young Woman ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Shared Interest ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Settlements

A shared interest in the practice of colonization as a form of predation and capture provides a surprising link between Edward Gibbon Wakefield’s writings about systematic colonization and Charlotte Brontë’s whimsical juvenile writings. Both present their ideas in fictional form, and their colonies as imaginative constructs. Wakefield’s theory, which was influential in shaping British colonial policy, involved transporting working-class families to Australia to establish a labour force within new settlements. To reinforce the difference between his scheme and that of chattel slavery, he emphasized the freedom of his workers. Yet his scheme entailed significant restraints of their personal liberties: their freedom of movement, association, and right to own property, as well as the requirement to marry and have children. Similar preoccupations are evident in an earlier episode in Wakefield’s biography, in which he kidnapped a young woman in order to marry her for her family’s wealth and prestige. Brontë, who was roughly the same age as Wakefield’s young victim, explores these themes explicitly in her own teenage accounts of a colony in Africa, Glass Town. Co-authored with her siblings, this intricate saga of conquest and settlement by a group of European explorers presents a juvenile commentary on contemporary colonial practices. It reveals the coercive violence within the colony, as well as the submerged erotic elements within it. It also shows the ways this same violence underpins fictional narratives, especially the marriage plots that Brontë develops in her mature works.

“The Dragon Can't Roar”

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Antony Mukasa Mate
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Postcolonial State ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Status ◽  
British Colonial

Abstract This article examines British masculinity in Kenya. It focuses on British expatriate Sydney Walker, the protagonist of Yusuf Dawood's One Life Too Many, who moves to Kenya at the height of British colonial rule and stays on in the new postcolonial state under black rule. It looks at how he constructs his masculinity among fellow men and in relation to the female other. Walker struggles to retain the colonial masculinity of his predecessors amid shifting terrain. Using the key concepts of hegemonic and subordinate masculinities as presented in Raewyn Connell's masculinity theory, which argues that gendered relationships in institutions are controlled by power, this article examines the diverse masculinities in One Life Too Many and argues that sex plays a major role as an instrument of power that heterosexual men use to dominate other men and subordinate women. It contends that the power dynamics in the sexual arena symbolically represent the shifting power relations in the postcolonial Kenyan state, in which the status of British working-class men had changed due to their loss of political power.

scholarly journals The Nation as Corporation: British Colonialism and the Pitfalls of Postcolonial Nationhood in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Maiangwa ◽  
Muhammad Dan Suleiman ◽  
Chigbo Arthur Anyaduba
Keyword(s):  
Nation State ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Indirect Rule ◽  
Scholarly Attention

This article re-examines the British colonial policy of indirect rule in Nigeria. Moving away from extant scholarly attention on this colonial policy that focuses on governance through local or native authorities, we focus rather on British colonial rule through imperial companies. We argue that the British colonist did not conceive of or organize “Nigeria” as a “nation”, rather it was administered as a business enterprise in which the Crown depended on companies to “govern” its Nigerian colonies. Accordingly, the idea of the nation as a business enterprise defined its subjects and resources in ways that produced problematic notions of nationhood imagined in corporate terms. The net effect of this dimension of indirect rule through imperial companies is that “Nigeria” has remained imagined and governed not as a nation-state but as a corporation. We suggest that the challenges of postcolonial nationhood in Nigeria derive impetus largely from this conception and management of colonial Nigeria as a corporation. Our aim is to conceptualize the colonial corporatization of Nigeria, and describe the ensuing patterns of violent relations in its postcolony.

“Scrap-Heap Storiesˮ: Oral Narratives of Labour and Loss in Scottish Mining and Manufacturing

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-2018) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
Arthur McIvor
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Oral Narratives ◽  
Industrial Work ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Plant Closures ◽  
The Impact

This article is an attempt to comprehend deindustrialisation and the impact of plant downsizing and closures in Scotland since the 1970s through listening to the voices of workers and reflecting on their ways of telling, whilst making some observations on how an oral history methodology can add to our understanding. It draws upon a rich bounty of oral history projects and collections undertaken in Scotland over recent decades. The lush description and often intense articulated emotion help us as academic “outsidersˮ to better understand how lives were profoundly affected by plant closures, getting us beyond statistical body counts and overly sentimentalised and nostalgic representations of industrial work to more nuanced understandings of the meanings and impacts of job loss. In recalling their lived experience of plant run-downs and closures, narrators are informing and interpreting; projecting a sense of self in the process and drawing meaning from their working lives. My argument here is that we need to listen attentively and learn from those who bore witness and try to make sense of these diverse, different and sometimes contradictory stories. We should take cognisance of silences and transgressing voices as well as dominant, hegemonic narratives if we are to deepen the conversation and understand the complex but profound impacts that deindustrialisation had on traditional working-class communities in Scotland, as well as elsewhere.

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