The Islamic City Critique: Revising the Narrative

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Aldous
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract In recent years scholars have challenged the concept of an Islamic city by constructing a historical narrative in which it derives from the orientalist tradition. They claim that French orientalists in the early twentieth century created an ideal type of the Islamic city as contrasted with its Western counterpart in order to support the assumptions of orientalist discourse. The first part of the article challenges this assumption by showing that the French orientalists did not in fact posit an Islamic city type. The second part offers an alternative explanation for the genesis of the concept by tracing it to the work of American anthropologists in the 1950s.

A Brief History of Motives—Composition

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-54
Author(s):  
Brent Auerbach
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Music Composition ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changing Role

Chapter 2 provides a brief history of the role of motives in Western music composition. Motive is posited as one of the several generative forces in music, alongside harmony, counterpoint, and form. Motive’s relative prominence is tracked in style periods of the last four centuries, with peak influence manifesting in the late Romantic and early twentieth-century periods. This changing role of motives is illustrated by a set of analyses of chronologically ordered pieces by Handel, Mozart, Brahms, Wagner, Holst, and Schoenberg. The musical examples, in addition to supporting the historical narrative, serve to introduce readers to the new conventions of nomenclature and rules motivic association that will be presented in detail in the methodology chapters of the book.

Travail of a Broken Family: Evangelical Responses to Pentecostalism in America, 1906–1916

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Wacker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1950S

Early pentecostals thought the world of themselves and they assumed that everyone else did too. Not always positively, of course, but frequently, and with secret envy. In one sense it is difficult to imagine how pentecostals could have been more wrong. Till the 1950s most Americans had never heard of them. A handful of observers within the established Churches noticed their existence, and maybe a dozen journalists and scholars took a few hours to try to figure out why a movement so manifestly backward could erupt in the sunlit progressivism of the early twentieth century. But for the American public as a whole, that was about all there was. In another sense, however, pentecostals' extravagant assessment of their own importance proved exactly right. Radical evangelicals, pentecostals' spiritual and in many cases biological parents, marshalled impressive resources to crush the menace in their midst. Abusive words flew back and forth for years, subsiding into sullen silence only in the 1930s. Things improved somewhat after World War II, but even today many on both sides of the canyon continue to eye the other with fear and suspicion.

History and the Contours of Meaning: The Abjection of Luisa Nevárez, First Woman Condemned to the Gallows in Puerto Rico, 1905

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-673
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Baerga-Santini
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Formidable Challenge

Abstract The article analyzes the case of Luisa Nevárez, the first woman condemned to the gallows in Puerto Rico at the beginning of the twentieth century. Convicted for the killing of her almost year-old daughter, she never admitted the crime nor showed any remorse. Yet, Luisa did not make an easy transition into the sphere of the criminal. The nascent identity that was being forged in early twentieth-century Puerto Rico configured the delinquent as a masculine subject who was acknowledged as possessing intellectual malice and the capacity for social action. Luisa’s condition as a woman, mother, and mulatta, her ignorance, and other factors deprived her of any possibility of entering the space of the criminal subject. Instead, the figure of Luisa oscillated between monster and madwoman in the discourses of the time. Around the mid-twentieth century her discursive figure emerges again, this time in the authorized voices of those concerned with criminal activities on the island. In this context, we find her embodying the prototype of the criminal woman: degenerate, ugly, black, and sexually insatiable. It is Luisa’s abject condition that places her on the threshold of history and on the borders of the intelligible. However, the impossibility of explaining her actions in a rational way constitutes a formidable challenge for the historian. In this respect, the article is also a reflection on the limits and possibilities of the representative faculties of the historical narrative.

“A Land for a People, Not a People for a Land”

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
Gur Alroey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Political Force ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Land Of Israel

Territorialist ideology emerged together with Zionist ideology. From the moment Leon Pinsker wrote in his Auto-Emancipation that “the goal of our present endeavors must be not the Holy Land, but a land of our own,” there were those in Jewish society who clung to the idea of “a land of our own” and wanted to set up some independent autonomous entity outside of the Land of Israel. This chapter traces territorial ideology from its ideational beginnings in the 1880s, through its conversion into an organized ideology and a political force in the Jewish world of the early twentieth century to its decline in the 1950s.

Ahistorical interpretation of the Torah narratives in the Wisdom of Solomon

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
Karina Martin Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Divine Justice ◽  
Wisdom Of Solomon ◽  
Justice And Mercy

The traditional scholarly title (since the early twentieth century) for the last section of the Wisdom of Solomon, chapters 11–19 (or for some, 10–19) is the “Book of History.” This is a misleading designation because the author of the Wisdom of Solomon chose to present certain events from the exodus and wilderness traditions of ancient Israel not in the context of a continuous historical narrative, but rather as paradigmatic examples of God’s justice and mercy toward both the righteous and the ungodly. The purpose of the second half of the Wisdom of Solomon is pedagogical and apologetic rather than historical. The author’s avoidance of proper names and the consistent division of humanity in moral terms (the righteous vs the ungodly/unrighteous) rather than along ethnic lines (Israel vs Egyptians or Canaanites) should be taken seriously as an effort to universalize the lessons of Israel’s stories. The consistent message of both the antitheses and the excurses in chapters 11–19 is that God manifests both justice and mercy in disciplining human beings (both the righteous and the unrighteous) with suffering. Thus, it would be preferable to call chapters 11–19 either the “Book of Discipline” or the “Book of Divine Justice and Mercy.”

scholarly journals What the Progressives Had in Common

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen Gendzel
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New York University ◽  
Progressive Movement ◽  
Core Theme ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S

When Professor Benjamin Parke De Witt of New York University sat down to write the first history of the progressive movement in 1915, he promised “to give form and definiteness to a movement which is, in the minds of many, confused and chaotic.” Apparently it was a fool's errand, because confusion and chaos continued to plague historians of early twentieth-century reform long after Professor De Witt laid his pen to rest. The maddening variety of reform and reformers in the early twentieth century has perpetually confounded historians' efforts to identify what, if anything, the progressives had in common. Back in the 1950s, Richard Hofstadter charitably allowed that progressives were “of two minds on many issues,” whereas Arthur Link argued that “the progressive movement never really existed” because it pursued so many “contradictory objectives.” In the 1960s, Robert Wiebe concluded that the progressives, if they constituted a movement at all, showed “little regard for consistency.” In the 1970s, Peter Filene wrote an “obituary” for progressivism by reasserting Link's claim that the movement had “never existed” because it was so divided and diffuse. In the 1980s, Daniel Rodgers tried to recast the “ideologically fluid” progressive movement as a pastiche of vaguely related rhetorical styles. By the 1990s, so many competing characterizations of progressivism had emerged that Alan Dawley wondered if “they merely cancel each other out.” In 2002, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore declared emphatically that “historians cannot agree” on progressivism. In 2010, Walter Nugent admitted that “the movement's core theme has been hard to pin down” because progressivism had “many concerns” and “included a wide range of persons and groups.”

The good old days?

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-79
Author(s):  
Tom Woodin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Older People ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Voice

A significant body of written work was produced by older people in the 1970s and 1980s reflecting back on the early twentieth century. Through the individual voice, wider social contexts were explored. Writers focused upon some key themes in order to achieve this, including childhood, work, family, the individual and politics to achieve this. The insistent belief in care and community in times of hardship is understood as a contradictory structure of feeling which spread widely during this time. Contrary to ideal type definitions of community, a close reading of texts reveals actual meanings and practices which have often been ignored in the historical record. Silences and tensions are also explored.

Discourse, Reality and Rural Society: The Case of Tenancy and Employment Relationships in the Early Twentieth-Century Jianghan Plain

Rural China ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-99
Author(s):  
Jiayan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Jianghan Plain ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Republic

According to class struggle theory, rural China before 1949 featured two contrasting classes, the exploiting class and the exploited class. Some current research tends to—from the perspectives of market relations and moral economics—focus on the harmonious aspect of the rural society of that time. Based on different surveys and their associated discourses on tenancy and employment relationships in the Jianghan Plain in the late Qing, the Republic of China, and the 1950s, this article argues that different discourses emphasized different aspects of rural society. The surveys of the late Qing and some surveys of the Republic are closer to reality, while the CCP surveys of the 1950s and the gazetteers compiled in the 1950s, influenced by political propaganda and policy, are heavily loaded with ideological biases and exaggerate the landlord-tenant conflict. This kind of influence has gradually weakened since the 1980s, and the gazetteers compiled afterward are closer to reality. Those new studies that deny exploitation and evil landlords are overcorrecting. The Jianghan experience of tenancy and employment relationships demonstrates that in the early twentieth century, exploitation among classes, market competition, and moral economics all existed at the same time. Because the Jianghan Plain was prone to frequent water calamities, we also need to add the specific influence of the environmental factor to our understanding of tenancy and employment relationships in this region.

Modeling, Diagramming, and Early Twentieth-Century Histories of Invention and Entrepreneurship: Henry Ford, Sherwood Anderson, Samuel Insull

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-512
Author(s):  
JEFFORY A. CLYMER
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Sherwood Anderson ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Henry Ford ◽  
Famous Book ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
American Society

The historical narrative arguing that independent artisans were increasingly transformed into mere tenders of complicated machinery during the second half of the nineteenth century, leading ultimately to Henry Ford's minute division of labor in the assembly line, is both conventional and well known. Technology became more complex, its inner workings were less self-evident or easily comprehensible, and the material conditions of production, exemplified by modern factories built around a division of labor, became too large and systematic to be understood from the viewpoint of a single worker selling his or her labor. And, while industry was imagined more and more as an intricate system at the turn of the twentieth century, American society, analogously, under the increasing pressure of urbanization and immigration, came to be regarded as too complex to be understood from a single viewpoint. Exposés, for instance, on “how the other half lives,” to quote the title of Jacob Riis's famous book, attest both to the yearning and to the perceived inability to understand society as an entirety.This article suggests and examines the ways in which two older forms of imagining large systems, specifically, the methods of model-making and diagramming, were rearticulated at the turn of the twentieth century in response to a perceived greater complexity of both technology and American society. Models and diagrams are necessary when it seems that one can no longer envision a large system; they literally provide an imaginative site for a complex system. To understand the social roles of diagramming and model-making, I detail the ways each was imagined and deployed in the cultural history of invention and entrepreneurship in the early twentieth century.

Controlled Sealing at South Georgia

2007 ◽  
pp. 129-158
Author(s):  
A.B. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
High Demand ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Seal Oil ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the controlled sealing industry of South Georgia in the early twentieth century. It considers the revisions to sealing licences to combat stock declines in the 1950s; the presence of Japanese Whaling companies in the area, including the International Fishery Co. Ltd; the high demand for seal oil in the 1960s; and the government’s final suspension of the sealing licence in 1972 and the impact this had on seal populations and the sealing community.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document