“A Land for a People, Not a People for a Land”

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
Gur Alroey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Political Force ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Land Of Israel

Territorialist ideology emerged together with Zionist ideology. From the moment Leon Pinsker wrote in his Auto-Emancipation that “the goal of our present endeavors must be not the Holy Land, but a land of our own,” there were those in Jewish society who clung to the idea of “a land of our own” and wanted to set up some independent autonomous entity outside of the Land of Israel. This chapter traces territorial ideology from its ideational beginnings in the 1880s, through its conversion into an organized ideology and a political force in the Jewish world of the early twentieth century to its decline in the 1950s.

The Islamic City Critique: Revising the Narrative

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Aldous
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract In recent years scholars have challenged the concept of an Islamic city by constructing a historical narrative in which it derives from the orientalist tradition. They claim that French orientalists in the early twentieth century created an ideal type of the Islamic city as contrasted with its Western counterpart in order to support the assumptions of orientalist discourse. The first part of the article challenges this assumption by showing that the French orientalists did not in fact posit an Islamic city type. The second part offers an alternative explanation for the genesis of the concept by tracing it to the work of American anthropologists in the 1950s.

Hoffman, Gertrude (1886–1966)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Cohen-Stratyner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Entertainment Industry ◽  
World War ◽  
Protective Association ◽  
Ballets Russes ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Set Up ◽  
To Receive

Gertrude Hoffman (Hoffmann) was an early twentieth-century Broadway dance director and performer, and the first woman to receive a dance direction—or choreographic—credit on Broadway. From her first credited choreography for Punch, Judy & Co (1903), through to her retirement in the early 1940s, she was known for her clever and innovative staging of women’s precision choruses for both the Broadway and the international stage. As a solo performer, however, she is remembered as an impersonator of other vaudeville and theater performers and concert dancers, developing a vaudeville feature act called The Borrowed Art of Gertrude Hoffman. Hoffman developed and performed in the first U.S. productions of the Ballets Russes repertoire (1911–15), was the first woman admitted to the Theatrical Managers’ Protective Association, and, after buying herself out of her previously signed contracts, set up her own producing organization. In the 1920s and 1930s, she created and staged dance specialties for precision dance teams, known as The Gertrude Hoffman Girls, comprised of twelve to twenty-four performers. Her troupes appeared in the Shuberts’ annual Broadway revues and musicals, as well as in ‘‘picture palaces’’ and large cinemas in America and Western Europe. She retired when World War II closed access to the European entertainment industry.

Travail of a Broken Family: Evangelical Responses to Pentecostalism in America, 1906–1916

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Wacker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1950S

Early pentecostals thought the world of themselves and they assumed that everyone else did too. Not always positively, of course, but frequently, and with secret envy. In one sense it is difficult to imagine how pentecostals could have been more wrong. Till the 1950s most Americans had never heard of them. A handful of observers within the established Churches noticed their existence, and maybe a dozen journalists and scholars took a few hours to try to figure out why a movement so manifestly backward could erupt in the sunlit progressivism of the early twentieth century. But for the American public as a whole, that was about all there was. In another sense, however, pentecostals' extravagant assessment of their own importance proved exactly right. Radical evangelicals, pentecostals' spiritual and in many cases biological parents, marshalled impressive resources to crush the menace in their midst. Abusive words flew back and forth for years, subsiding into sullen silence only in the 1930s. Things improved somewhat after World War II, but even today many on both sides of the canyon continue to eye the other with fear and suspicion.

The Arquivo Historico de Moçambique and Historical Research in Maputo

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 471-477
Author(s):  
Gerhard Liesegang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Scientific Society ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Set Up

The Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique (hereafter AHM) holds mostly nineteenth- and twentieth-century documentation. Most of the documents available were generated by organs of the public (colonial) administration. There are very few fragmentary private papers (collected as “espólios”) and a few collections of documents originated by companies and associations (e.g., Notícias, Moçacor, ATCM, BNU).In the 1890s, when the administrative capital of Mozambique was still on the Island of Moçambique, António Enes ordered all documents prior to the liberal revolution of 1833-34 to be sent to Lisbon. As a result most of the correspondence between the island of Moçambique and the colonial districts for the period ca. 1750-1830 (correspondence and registers and copies of outgoing correspondence in bound books) was sent to Lisbon where it can be consulted in the original in the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarine Most of these now exist on microfilm in the AHM as well. In the 1930s the colonial intellectuals of Mozambique working in different government services founded a scientific society. The colonial administration added to this a cultural publication (Moçambique, Documentário Trimestral, 1935-1960), and also in 1934 the Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique, which was set up step by step between 1938 and 1940. Originally, this was part of the Library of the Department of Statistics (Costa 1987:4). From 1943 to 1963 it was headed by Lt. Caetano Montez and collected nineteenth- and a few early twentieth-century documents and any archival material tranferred by their originating institutions and partly indexed them.

scholarly journals Oceans, science, and universities: scientific study of the sea during the First Portuguese Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-489
Author(s):  
Ângela Salgueiro
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
First Republic ◽  
Teaching Research ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Knowledge of the scientific study of the sea in the early twentieth century is essential to understand the process through which marine biology was institutionalised in Portugal. The first national biological stations were set up during the First Republic: the Estação de Zoologia Marítima da Foz in Porto, and the Aquário Vasco da Gama in Lisbon. This paper is a case study on the Estação da Foz, which played an important role by assisting the Zoology Institute at the Universidade do Porto in achieving its strategic objectives, and provides an understanding of the institutionalisation process for marine biology within a university context: its connection with teaching, research, the economy, and society.

scholarly journals What the Progressives Had in Common

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen Gendzel
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New York University ◽  
Progressive Movement ◽  
Core Theme ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S

When Professor Benjamin Parke De Witt of New York University sat down to write the first history of the progressive movement in 1915, he promised “to give form and definiteness to a movement which is, in the minds of many, confused and chaotic.” Apparently it was a fool's errand, because confusion and chaos continued to plague historians of early twentieth-century reform long after Professor De Witt laid his pen to rest. The maddening variety of reform and reformers in the early twentieth century has perpetually confounded historians' efforts to identify what, if anything, the progressives had in common. Back in the 1950s, Richard Hofstadter charitably allowed that progressives were “of two minds on many issues,” whereas Arthur Link argued that “the progressive movement never really existed” because it pursued so many “contradictory objectives.” In the 1960s, Robert Wiebe concluded that the progressives, if they constituted a movement at all, showed “little regard for consistency.” In the 1970s, Peter Filene wrote an “obituary” for progressivism by reasserting Link's claim that the movement had “never existed” because it was so divided and diffuse. In the 1980s, Daniel Rodgers tried to recast the “ideologically fluid” progressive movement as a pastiche of vaguely related rhetorical styles. By the 1990s, so many competing characterizations of progressivism had emerged that Alan Dawley wondered if “they merely cancel each other out.” In 2002, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore declared emphatically that “historians cannot agree” on progressivism. In 2010, Walter Nugent admitted that “the movement's core theme has been hard to pin down” because progressivism had “many concerns” and “included a wide range of persons and groups.”

Discourse, Reality and Rural Society: The Case of Tenancy and Employment Relationships in the Early Twentieth-Century Jianghan Plain

Rural China ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-99
Author(s):  
Jiayan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Jianghan Plain ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Republic

According to class struggle theory, rural China before 1949 featured two contrasting classes, the exploiting class and the exploited class. Some current research tends to—from the perspectives of market relations and moral economics—focus on the harmonious aspect of the rural society of that time. Based on different surveys and their associated discourses on tenancy and employment relationships in the Jianghan Plain in the late Qing, the Republic of China, and the 1950s, this article argues that different discourses emphasized different aspects of rural society. The surveys of the late Qing and some surveys of the Republic are closer to reality, while the CCP surveys of the 1950s and the gazetteers compiled in the 1950s, influenced by political propaganda and policy, are heavily loaded with ideological biases and exaggerate the landlord-tenant conflict. This kind of influence has gradually weakened since the 1980s, and the gazetteers compiled afterward are closer to reality. Those new studies that deny exploitation and evil landlords are overcorrecting. The Jianghan experience of tenancy and employment relationships demonstrates that in the early twentieth century, exploitation among classes, market competition, and moral economics all existed at the same time. Because the Jianghan Plain was prone to frequent water calamities, we also need to add the specific influence of the environmental factor to our understanding of tenancy and employment relationships in this region.

scholarly journals Anglicismos y galicismos en los orígenes de la lengua del boxeo

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Clara Ayuso Collantes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Siglo Xx

La lengua del boxeo se forma en España a principios del siglo XX, cuando este deporte echa a andar. Las noticias y crónicas deportivas aparecidas en los diarios de entonces —el madrileño ABC y el barcelonés El Mundo Deportivo— sirven de base para elaborar el corpus de anglicismos y galicismos que entraron en el primer tercio de siglo para nombrar conceptos técnicos y específicos de este deporte. Se considera el momento de penetración de estos neologismos, su uso y pervivencia. En este primer tercio de siglo fue cuando mayor número de extranjerismos penetraron, que posteriormente irían consolidándose, adaptándose o desapareciendo. The language of boxing was formed in Spain in the early twentieth century, when this sport started up. The informations and the sport chronicles featured in the newspapers at the time, the madrilian ABC and The Mundo Deportivo of Barcelona, were the basis to elaborate the corpus of anglicisms and gallicisms which entered of the first third of the century to designate technical and specific concepts of this sport. It is considered the moment of incursion of these neologisms, its use and survival. It was in the first third of the century when a greater number of foreign expressions entered, which would later consolidate, adapt or disappear.

Controlled Sealing at South Georgia

2007 ◽  
pp. 129-158
Author(s):  
A.B. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
High Demand ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Seal Oil ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the controlled sealing industry of South Georgia in the early twentieth century. It considers the revisions to sealing licences to combat stock declines in the 1950s; the presence of Japanese Whaling companies in the area, including the International Fishery Co. Ltd; the high demand for seal oil in the 1960s; and the government’s final suspension of the sealing licence in 1972 and the impact this had on seal populations and the sealing community.

Hunting Pirates in Beiping

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-251
Author(s):  
Fei-Hsien Wang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Gray Area ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Set Up

This chapter provides a background on how the Shanghai shuye gongsuo (SBG) set up an unusual private police force to combat piracy. Throughout the 1930s, the SBG's Beiping Office of the Piracy Investigation Committee, abbreviated as the Detective Branch, hunted down pirates in the old capital and beyond. Even though these would-be law enforcers had no legal jurisdiction over such matters, the Detective Branch staff tirelessly pursued those who violated the SBG members' copyright and punished them with their own means. The Detective Branch's antipiracy operation in Beiping constitutes in itself a unique story, but its real significance lies in the possibility it opens up in understanding detection, enforcement, and negotiation that mediated the intellectual property law and its effect in early twentieth-century China, when different conceptions and practices of copyright grew intertwined. Operating in the gray area between legality and illegality, the staff of the Detective Branch inspected bookshops in the old capital city and surrounding market towns. They launched raids, partnering with local police, to crack down on piracy and, sometimes, resorted to criminal activities themselves, such as fraud, bribery, or home intrusion, to ensure their success.

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