Imagining Rabbits and Squirrels in the English Countryside

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Kean
Keyword(s):  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Grey Squirrel ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
The Past ◽  
Country Life ◽  
Post War

AbstractDrawing on contemporary coverage, particularly in The Field and Country Life, this article considers the construction of rabbits and squirrels as images of the past in England. By the 1930s, the red squirrel had become increasingly rare in the English countryside. Particularly in towns and suburbs, the population of the grey squirrel was growing rapidly. Those who saw themselves as the custodians of the countryside depicted the grey squirrel as a foreign force inimical to a mythical English way of life as epitomized by the red squirrel. In the post war period, the debate resurfaced about the nature of the countryside and who had a right to defend it. The focus then was upon the spread of myxomatosis from France, which was depicted as a foreign disease. Wild rabbits, who died in the thousands from this infection, became appropriated, as red squirrels before them, as symbols of a lyrical and ordered past in the countryside.

scholarly journals Natural strongholds for red squirrel conservation in Scotland

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Andrew Slade ◽  
Andy White ◽  
Kenny Kortland ◽  
Peter W. W. Lurz
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Sciurus Carolinensis ◽  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Grey Squirrel ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Standard Management ◽  
Grey Squirrels

The Eurasian Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is under threat from the invasive North American eastern Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) with 80% of the remaining red squirrel populations in the British Isles found in Scotland. In this study we develop a spatially explicit mathematical model of the red and grey squirrel system and use it to assess the population viability of red squirrels across Scotland. In particular, we aim to identify existing forests – natural strongholds for red squirrels – that can successfully support red squirrels under UK Forestry Standard management and protect them from potential disease-mediated competition from grey squirrels. Our model results indicate that if current levels of grey squirrel control, which restrict or reduce the distribution of grey squirrels, are continued then there will be large expanses of forests in northern Scotland that support viable red squirrel populations. Model results that represent (hypothetical) scenarios where grey squirrel control no longer occurred indicated that grey squirrel range expansion and the process of red squirrel replacement would be slow. Model results for an assumed worst-case scenario where grey squirrels have expanded to all regions in Scotland identified forest regions – denoted natural strongholds – that could currently support red squirrels under UK Forestry Standard management practice. The results will be used to inform forest management policy and support a strategic review of red squirrel management by land management agencies and other stakeholders.

scholarly journals Native and invasive squirrels show different behavioural responses to scent of a shared native predator

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P. Twining ◽  
W. Ian Montgomery ◽  
Lily Price ◽  
Hansjoerg P. Kunc ◽  
David G. Tosh
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Pine Marten ◽  
Grey Squirrel ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Grey Squirrels ◽  
Native Predator

Invasive species pose a serious threat to native species. In Europe, invasive grey squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ) have replaced native red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ) in locations across Britain, Ireland and Italy. The European pine marten ( Martes martes ) can reverse the replacement of red squirrels by grey squirrels, but the underlying mechanism of how pine martens suppress grey squirrels is little understood. Research suggests the reversal process is driven by direct predation, but why the native red squirrel may be less susceptible than the invasive grey squirrel to predation by a commonly shared native predator, is unknown. A behavioural difference may exist with the native sciurid being more effective at avoiding predation by the pine marten with which they have a shared evolutionary history. In mammals, olfactory cues are used by prey species to avoid predators. To test whether anti-predator responses differ between the native red squirrel and the invasive grey squirrel, we exposed both species to scent cues of a shared native predator and quantified the responses of the two squirrel species. Red squirrels responded to pine marten scent by avoiding the feeder, increasing their vigilance and decreasing their feeding activity. By contrast, grey squirrels did not show any anti-predator behaviours in response to the scent of pine marten. Thus, differences in behavioural responses to a shared native predator may assist in explaining differing outcomes of species interactions between native and invasive prey species depending on the presence, abundance and exposure to native predators.

scholarly journals Balls of Count Etienne de Beaumont as an Element of the Social and Artistic Life of Paris in the 1920–1930s

2021 ◽  
pp. 522-541
Author(s):  
E.V. Miroshnikova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Private Life ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Weak Point ◽  
Artistic Process ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Active Search ◽  
The Social ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Post War

In post-war Paris, there was an active search for a new philosophy of life and creativity — and at first it seemed that Dadaism could become such a basis for a new way of life. But the weak point of the Dadaists was that their concept of destruction and the foundations’ trampling did not offer anything in return besides an anarchy. Therefore, in parallel, the artists, actors and musicians, who were not attracted by the negative anarchist principles of Dadaism, tried to find some other prerequisites. One of the tendencies was the desire to present the game as the basis of the artistic process. Hence there is the aspiration for theatricality, performances, masks, the introduction of elements of theatricality into private life — as, for example, the famous thematic balls of Count Etienne de Beaumont, his theatrical enterprise “Les Soirées de Paris” in which J. Cocteau, E. Satie, V. Gross-Hugo, J. Hugo, P. Picasso and others participated. An article’ attempt is made to systematize the play approach to the creativity on the example of E. de Beaumont’s thematic balls in Paris in the 1920–1930s, to identify the characteristic features and differences of this phenomenon from the play activities of the past eras on the basis of “play” conceptions by M. Bakhtin, J. Huizinga and S. Kagan.

scholarly journals Disease threats posed by alien species: the role of a poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in Britain

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. RUSHTON ◽  
P. W. W. LURZ ◽  
J. GURNELL ◽  
P. NETTLETON ◽  
C. BRUEMMER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Grey Squirrel ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Grey Squirrels

Red squirrels are declining in the United Kingdom. Competition from, and squirrel poxvirus (SQPV) disease carried by, grey squirrels are assumed to be determining the decline. We analyse the incidence of disease and changes in distribution of the two species in Cumbria, from 1993 to 2003 and compare these to the predictions of an individual-based (IB) spatially explicit disease model simulating the dynamics of both squirrel species and SQPV in the landscape. Grey squirrels increased whilst red squirrels declined over 10 years. The incidence of disease in red squirrels was related to the time since grey squirrels arrived in the landscape. Analysis of rates of decline in red squirrel populations in other areas showed that declines are 17–25 times higher in regions where SQPV is present in grey squirrel populations than in those where it is not. The IB model predicted spatial overlap of 3–4 years between the species that was also observed in the field. The model predictions matched the observed data best when contact rates and rates of infection between the two species were low. The model predicted that a grey squirrel population control of >60% effective kill was needed to stop the decline in red squirrel populations in Cumbria.

The experience of post-war reconstruction: the case of built heritage in Bosnia

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-248
Author(s):  
Lana Kudumovic
Keyword(s):  
Way Of Life ◽  
Content Type ◽  
War Memorials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Face ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges and justification of the reconstruction of built heritage in Bosnia. This paper also debates the effect of setting up a close relationship between reconstruction and reconciliation, suggesting that the reconstruction of the built environment in the period of post-war recovery provided a foundation for reconciliation. Design/methodology/approach Throughout history, in the face of various disasters, world encountered the challenge of reconstruction. In the past decade of the 20th century, just such a challenge was the war in Bosnia. After the war, reconstruction and reconciliation took place, with a focus on reestablishing a normal way of life, the return of displaced people, and the reconnection of broken bonds, as well as the rehabilitation of heritage assets. Findings This paper elaborates on how reconstructions were guided by the aims of reconciliation and its justifications. Regarding the technical aspects of these reconstruction projects, an overview comprising several case studies is presented to help elucidate two levels of physical intervention. The first of these levels concerns the reconstruction of single structures and the second concerns the reconstruction of historic centers. War memorials are considered to be a third level of intervention. Originality/value The selected cases presented here confirm the existence of the relationship between post-war reconstruction and reconciliation. This paper also assesses the efficiency of the reconstruction of Bosnia’s built heritage in terms of authenticity and overall post-war recovery.

scholarly journals An Opportunistic Assessment of the Impact of Squirrelpox Disease Outbreaks upon a Red Squirrel Population Sympatric with Grey Squirrels in Wales

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Craig M. Shuttleworth ◽  
David Everest ◽  
Paul Holmes ◽  
Suzi Bell ◽  
Rachel Cripps
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Sciurus Carolinensis ◽  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Grey Squirrel ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Local Survival ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Grey Squirrels

Native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) persisted in the coastal mainland woodlands of northern Gwynedd whilst sympatric with an invasive grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) population suppressed by culling. Squirrelpox disease in the red squirrel population was recorded in 2017 and 2020/21. An autumn 2020 outbreak was associated with only 17.4% of animals caught and marked in the preceding June known to be present in March 2021. Despite an opportunistic data collection lacking the rigour of empirical experimental design, we observed low local survival rates similar to previously published accounts reported during major squirrelpox outbreaks. The use of a conservation dog to detect red squirrel carcasses resulted in positive detection and confirmation of a temporal and spatial expansion of one disease outbreak. The study is the first in Wales to use conservation dogs and the findings reinforce the vital strategic importance of geographical isolation reducing sympatry of red with grey squirrels in European regions where the introduced congener is a source of the squirrelpox infection.

“Product Not Available in Pre-War Quantities – but Quality Remains the Same”: Remarks on Advertisements as Historical Sources

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
German Press ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The article focuses on advertisements as visual and historical sources. The material comes from the German press that appeared immediately after the end of the Second World War. During this time, all kinds of products were scarce. In comparison to this, colorful advertisements of luxury products are more than noteworthy. What do these images tell us about the early post-war years in Germany? The author argues that advertisements are a medium that shapes social norms. Rather than reflecting the historical realities, advertisements construct them. From an aesthetical and cultural point of view, advertisements gave thus a sense of continuity between the pre- and post-war years. The author suggests, therefore, that the advertisements should not be treated as a source for economic history. They are, however, important for studying social developments that occurred in the past.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Music Videos ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
The Past ◽  
Post War

In the conclusion to The Musical Gift, Jim Sykes discusses Sri Lankan versions of viral music videos over the past decade, particularly Pharrell Williams’ video “Happy.” Sykes notes that several people filming themselves dancing to Williams’ song were stopped by the police, who could not comprehend why people were singing and dancing in public outside of the bounds of an official concert. The Sri Lankan “Happy” videos have also been criticized as depicting upper- and middle-class Sri Lankans and thus obscuring the fact that happiness has not been achieved for many Sri Lankans, including those who suffered greatly from the war. Returning to the concept of “the musical gift,” Sykes argues the promotion of public song and dance from and between various communities has a role to play in forging post-war reconciliation and building a “happiness” that emerges from Sri Lankan aesthetics.

Latin America and the League of Nations

1926 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
Percy Alvin Martin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
Post War ◽  
International Status

To students of international relations it has become almost a commonplace that among the most significant and permanent results of the World War has been the changed international status of the republics of Latin America. As a result of the war and post-war developments in these states, the traditional New World isolation in South America, as well as in North America, is a thing of the past. To our leading sister republics is no longer applicable the half-contemptuous phrase, current in the far-off days before 1914, that Latin America stands on the margin of international life. The new place in the comity of nations won by a number of these states is evidenced—to take one of the most obvious examples—by the raising of the legations of certain non-American powers to the rank of embassies, either during or immediately after the war. In the case of Brazil, for instance, where prior to 1914 only the United States maintained an ambassador, at the present time Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, and Japan maintain diplomatic representatives of this rank.Yet all things considered one of the most fruitful developments in the domain of international relations has been the share taken by our southern neighbors in the work of the League of Nations. All of the Latin American republics which severed relations with Germany or declared war against that country were entitled to participate in the Peace Conference. As a consequence, eleven of these states affixed their signatures to the Treaty of Versailles, an action subsequently ratified in all cases except Ecuador.

Die Zukunft der Vergangenheit Richard Oelze (1900 – 1980) and Post-war Reflection

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-155
Author(s):  
Eleanor F. Moseman
Keyword(s):  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Nazi Regime ◽  
Critical View ◽  
Repressed Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Through ◽  
Word And Image ◽  
Visual Expression ◽  
Post War ◽  
Regime Analysis

Abstract The Surrealist artist Richard Oelze’s postwar enterprise was one of inner reflection and personal questioning linked to the broader project of coming to terms with the past. The essay takes a critical view of his artworks and his automatist Wortskizzen to assess the manner and extent to which Oelze utilizes his artistic practice as a mode of working through his, and Germany’s, complicity with the Nazi regime. Analysis of the Wortskizzen exposes how verbal probing informs Oelze’s visual expression of inner turmoil, while implied gaps and voids in paintings and drawings puncture space as well as time, illuminating memory and blending the past with the present. Oelze’s serious play with word and image in turn invites his viewers to release repressed memories through reflective contemplation.

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