Temporal dynamics and communication of winner-effects in the crayfish, orconectes rusticus

Behaviour ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 805-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisdair Daws ◽  
Robert Huber ◽  
Daniel Bergman ◽  
Jeremy McIntyre ◽  
Paul Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Orconectes Rusticus ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Minute Interval

AbstractA variety of factors influences the formation of hierarchical structures, and can include an altered aggressive state, an ability to physically dominate, and previous agonistic experience. Using male Orconectes rusticus, we tested the duration of the winner effect by varying the time between a winning encounter and a subsequent encounter by a 20, 40 or 60-minute interval. Varying the time between the two fights significantly altered the probabilities of initiating fight behaviour and of winning a fight. A crayfish with a 20-minute delay between its winning experience and its subsequent fight was significantly less likely to initiate fight behaviour and significantly more likely to win its next fight than was an animal whose next fight was delayed for 40 or 60 minutes. We then investigated whether the dynamics of this winner effect were influenced by perception of odour signals during agonistic interactions by blocking the chemo- and mechanoreceptors on the antennae and antennules to prevent reception of relevant cues communicating social status. Individuals fighting an opponent with this loss of sensory information were significantly more likely to initiate a fight, but then escalated at a slower rate to a higher fight intensity level. In addition, individuals had a decreased chance of winning an agonistic bout against an opponent deprived of sensory input from the antennae and antennules.

scholarly journals Learning shapes cortical dynamics to enhance integration of relevant sensory input

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Chadwick ◽  
Adil Khan ◽  
Jasper Poort ◽  
Antonin Blot ◽  
Sonja Hofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Coding ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Network Dynamics ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Network Output

Adaptive sensory behavior is thought to depend on processing in recurrent cortical circuits, but how dynamics in these circuits shapes the integration and transmission of sensory information is not well understood. Here, we study neural coding in recurrently connected networks of neurons driven by sensory input. We show analytically how information available in the network output varies with the alignment between feedforward input and the integrating modes of the circuit dynamics. In light of this theory, we analyzed neural population activity in the visual cortex of mice that learned to discriminate visual features. We found that over learning, slow patterns of network dynamics realigned to better integrate input relevant to the discrimination task. This realignment of network dynamics could be explained by changes in excitatory-inhibitory connectivity amongst neurons tuned to relevant features. These results suggest that learning tunes the temporal dynamics of cortical circuits to optimally integrate relevant sensory input.

scholarly journals The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Grush
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feedback Delay ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Effects Of Feedback ◽  
The Brain

The emulation theory of representation is developed and explored as a framework that can revealingly synthesize a wide variety of representational functions of the brain. The framework is based on constructs from control theory (forward models) and signal processing (Kalman filters). The idea is that in addition to simply engaging with the body and environment, the brain constructs neural circuits that act as models of the body and environment. During overt sensorimotor engagement, these models are driven by efference copies in parallel with the body and environment, in order to provide expectations of the sensory feedback, and to enhance and process sensory information. These models can also be run off-line in order to produce imagery, estimate outcomes of different actions, and evaluate and develop motor plans. The framework is initially developed within the context of motor control, where it has been shown that inner models running in parallel with the body can reduce the effects of feedback delay problems. The same mechanisms can account for motor imagery as the off-line driving of the emulator via efference copies. The framework is extended to account for visual imagery as the off-line driving of an emulator of the motor-visual loop. I also show how such systems can provide for amodal spatial imagery. Perception, including visual perception, results from such models being used to form expectations of, and to interpret, sensory input. I close by briefly outlining other cognitive functions that might also be synthesized within this framework, including reasoning, theory of mind phenomena, and language.

scholarly journals Nonlinear visuoauditory integration in the mouse superior colliculus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Ito ◽  
Yufei Si ◽  
Alan M. Litke ◽  
David A. Feldheim
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
The Individual

AbstractSensory information from different modalities is processed in parallel, and then integrated in associative brain areas to improve object identification and the interpretation of sensory experiences. The Superior Colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that plays a critical role in integrating visual, auditory, and somatosensory input to assess saliency and promote action. Although the response properties of the individual SC neurons to visuoauditory stimuli have been characterized, little is known about the spatial and temporal dynamics of the integration at the population level. Here we recorded the response properties of SC neurons to spatially restricted visual and auditory stimuli using large-scale electrophysiology. We then created a general, population-level model that explains the spatial, temporal, and intensity requirements of stimuli needed for sensory integration. We found that the mouse SC contains topographically organized visual and auditory neurons that exhibit nonlinear multisensory integration. We show that nonlinear integration depends on properties of auditory but not visual stimuli. We also find that a heuristically derived nonlinear modulation function reveals conditions required for sensory integration that are consistent with previously proposed models of sensory integration such as spatial matching and the principle of inverse effectiveness.

Sensory determinants of agonistic interactions in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 1467-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arielle Duhaime-Ross ◽  
Geneviève Martel ◽  
Frédéric Laberge
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Plethodon Cinereus ◽  
Inanimate Object ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Multimodal Signals ◽  
Sensory Modalities

Many animals use and react to multimodal signals — signals that occur in more than one sensory modality. This study focused on the respective roles of vision, chemoreception, and their possible interaction in determining agonistic responses of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. The use of a computer display allowed separate or combined presentation of visual and chemical cues. A cue isolation experiment using adult male and juvenile salamanders showed that both visual and chemical cues from unfamiliar male conspecifics could increase aggressive displays. Submissive displays were only increased in juveniles, and specifically by the visual cue. The rate of chemoinvestigation of the substrate was increased only by chemical cues in adults, whereas both chemical and visual cues increased this behaviour in juveniles. Chemoinvestigation appears, thus, more dependent on sensory input in juvenile salamanders. A follow-up experiment comparing responses to visual cues of different animals (conspecific salamander, heterospecific salamander and earthworm) or an inanimate object (wood stick) showed that exploratory behaviour was higher in the presence of the inanimate object stimulus. The heterospecific salamander stimulus produced strong submissive and escape responses, while the conspecific salamander stimulus promoted aggressive displays. Finally, the earthworm stimulus increased both aggressive and submissive behaviours at intermediate levels when compared to salamander cues. These specific combinations of agonistic and exploratory responses to each stimulus suggest that salamanders could discriminate the cues visually. This study sheds some light on how information from different sensory modalities guides social behaviour at different life stages in a salamander.

Interactions between social behaviour and the acute phase immune response in house finches

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (15) ◽  
pp. 2039-2058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahnzi C. Moyers ◽  
Kara B. Kosarski ◽  
James S. Adelman ◽  
Dana M. Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
House Finches ◽  
Mediated Effects

In social organisms, immune-mediated behavioural changes (sickness behaviours) can both influence and respond to social dynamics. We tested whether social status in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) modulates the acute phase response or aggressive interactions with flockmates. We treated subordinate or dominant finches within captive flocks with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate an acute phase response (APR), and quantified mass loss, activity, foraging behaviours, and agonistic interactions. Subordinate finches lost more mass than dominants in response to LPS, but social status did not influence the expression of sickness behaviours (activity and foraging) upon LPS injection. LPS-injected subordinate birds experienced reduced aggression from mid-ranking but not dominant flockmates, indicating status-mediated effects of sickness behaviour on agonistic interactions. Our results suggest that social status in house finches influences one component of the APR (mass loss) and can interact with the APR to modulate intraspecific agonistic interactions in ways likely relevant for disease transmission.

The hippocampus seen in the context of declarative and procedural control

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Toates
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Hippocampal Function ◽  
Procedural Control

AbstractVarious apparently incompatible theories of hippocampal function have been proposed but integration is now needed. It is argued that the involvement of the hippocampus is most clearly seen when the animal needs to extrapolate beyond current sensory information. Such control can involve both the initiation of behaviour in the absence of appropriate sensory input and the inhibition of behaviour that might otherwise be triggered by current sensory input.

scholarly journals Effect of interglomerular inhibitory networks on olfactory bulb odor representations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Zavitz ◽  
Isaac A. Youngstrom ◽  
Alla Borisyuk ◽  
Matt Wachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Lateral Inhibition ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Innervation Patterns ◽  
Cell Networks ◽  
Inhibitory Networks

AbstractLateral inhibition is a fundamental feature of circuits that process sensory information. In the mammalian olfactory system, inhibitory interneurons called short axon cells comprise the first network mediating lateral inhibition between glomeruli, the functional units of early olfactory coding and processing. The connectivity of this network and its impact on odor representations is not well understood. To explore this question, we constructed a computational model of the interglomerular inhibitory network using detailed characterizations of short axon cell morphologies taken from mouse olfactory bulb. We then examined how this network transformed glomerular patterns of odorant-evoked sensory input (taken from previously-published datasets) as a function of the selectivity of interglomerular inhibition. We examined three connectivity schemes: selective (each glomerulus connects to few others with heterogeneous strength), nonselective (glomeruli connect to most others with heterogenous strength) or global (glomeruli connect to all others with equal strength). We found that both selective and nonselective interglomerular networks could mediate heterogeneous patterns of inhibition across glomeruli when driven by realistic sensory input patterns, but that global inhibitory networks were unable to produce input-output transformations that matched experimental data and were poor mediators of intensity-dependent gain control. We further found that networks whose interglomerular connectivity was tuned by sensory input profile decorrelated odor representations more effectively. These results suggest that, despite their multiglomerular innervation patterns, short axon cells are capable of mediating odorant-specific patterns of inhibition between glomeruli that could, theoretically, be tuned by experience or evolution to optimize discrimination of particular odorants.Significance StatementLateral inhibition is a key feature of circuitry in many sensory systems including vision, audition, and olfaction. We investigate how lateral inhibitory networks mediated by short axon cells in the mouse olfactory bulb might shape odor representations as a function of their interglomerular connectivity. Using a computational model of interglomerular connectivity derived from experimental data, we find that short axon cell networks, despite their broad innervation patterns, can mediate heterogeneous patterns of inhibition across glomeruli, and that the canonical model of global inhibition does not generate experimentally observed responses to stimuli. In addition, inhibitory connections tuned by input statistics yield enhanced decorrelation of similar input patterns. These results elucidate how the organization of inhibition between neural elements may affect computations.

scholarly journals KGML-ag: A Modeling Framework of Knowledge-Guided Machine Learning to Simulate Agroecosystems: A Case Study of Estimating N<sub>2</sub>O Emission using Data from Mesocosm Experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Licheng Liu ◽  
Shaoming Xu ◽  
Zhenong Jin ◽  
Jinyun Tang ◽  
Kaiyu Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. Agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) emission accounts for a non-trivial fraction of global greenhouse gases (GHGs) budget. To date, estimating N2O fluxes from cropland remains a challenging task because the related microbial processes (e.g., nitrification and denitrification) are controlled by complex interactions among climate, soil, plant and human activities. Existing approaches such as process-based (PB) models have well-known limitations due to insufficient representations of the processes or constraints of model parameters, and to leverage recent advances in machine learning (ML) new method is needed to unlock the “black box” to overcome its limitations due to low interpretability, out-of-sample failure and massive data demand. In this study, we developed a first of its kind knowledge-guided machine learning model for agroecosystems (KGML-ag), by incorporating biogeophysical/chemical domain knowledge from an advanced PB model, ecosys, and tested it by simulating daily N2O fluxes with real observed data from mesocosm experiments. The Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) was used as the basis to build the model structure. To optimize the model performance, we have investigated a range of ideas, including: 1) Using initials of intermediate variables (IMVs) instead of time series as model input to reduce data demand; 2) Building hierarchical structures to explicitly estimate IMVs for further N2O prediction; 3) Using multitask learning to balance the simultaneous training on multiple variables; and 4) Pretraining with millions of synthetic data generated from ecosys and fine tuning with mesocosm observations. Six other pure ML models were developed using the same mesocosm data to serve as the benchmark for the KGML-ag model. Results show that KGML-ag did an excellent job in reproducing the mesocosm N2O fluxes (overall r2 = 0.81, and RMSE = 3.6 mg N m−2 day−1 from cross-validation). Importantly KGML-ag always outperforms the PB model and ML models in predicting N2O fluxes, especially for complex temporal dynamics and emission peaks. Besides, KGML-ag goes beyond the pure ML models by providing more interpretable predictions as well as pinpointing desired new knowledge and data to further empower the current KGML-ag. We believe the KGML-ag development in this study will stimulate a new body of research on interpretable ML for biogeochemistry and other related geoscience processes.

scholarly journals Gravitational models explain shifts on human visual attention

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Zanca ◽  
Marco Gori ◽  
Stefano Melacci ◽  
Alessandra Rufa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Feature Maps ◽  
Single Feature ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Take All

Abstract Visual attention refers to the human brain’s ability to select relevant sensory information for preferential processing, improving performance in visual and cognitive tasks. It proceeds in two phases. One in which visual feature maps are acquired and processed in parallel. Another where the information from these maps is merged in order to select a single location to be attended for further and more complex computations and reasoning. Its computational description is challenging, especially if the temporal dynamics of the process are taken into account. Numerous methods to estimate saliency have been proposed in the last 3 decades. They achieve almost perfect performance in estimating saliency at the pixel level, but the way they generate shifts in visual attention fully depends on winner-take-all (WTA) circuitry. WTA is implemented by the biological hardware in order to select a location with maximum saliency, towards which to direct overt attention. In this paper we propose a gravitational model to describe the attentional shifts. Every single feature acts as an attractor and the shifts are the result of the joint effects of the attractors. In the current framework, the assumption of a single, centralized saliency map is no longer necessary, though still plausible. Quantitative results on two large image datasets show that this model predicts shifts more accurately than winner-take-all.

scholarly journals Social hierarchy is established and maintained with distinct acts of aggression in male Drosophilamelanogaster

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (24) ◽  
pp. jeb232439
Author(s):  
Jasper C. Simon ◽  
Ulrike Heberlein
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Explicit Approach ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Dominant State

ABSTRACTSocial interactions pivot on an animal's experiences, internal states and feedback from others. This complexity drives the need for precise descriptions of behavior to dissect the fine detail of its genetic and neural circuit bases. In laboratory assays, male Drosophila melanogaster reliably exhibit aggression, and its extent is generally measured by scoring lunges, a feature of aggression in which one male quickly thrusts onto his opponent. Here, we introduce an explicit approach to identify both the onset and reversals in hierarchical status between opponents and observe that distinct aggressive acts reproducibly precede, concur or follow the establishment of dominance. We find that lunges are insufficient for establishing dominance. Rather, lunges appear to reflect the dominant state of a male and help in maintaining his social status. Lastly, we characterize the recurring and escalating structure of aggression that emerges through subsequent reversals in dominance. Collectively, this work provides a framework for studying the complexity of agonistic interactions in male flies, enabling its neurogenetic basis to be understood with precision.

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