scholarly journals The Energetics of Feeding Territoriality in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch)

Behaviour ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Puckett ◽  
L.M. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Search Costs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Agonistic Activity ◽  
Activity Costs ◽  
Foraging Time

1. A foraging time budget was developed for territorial, nonterritorial, and floater fish. Territorial fish spend 76% of total time at the station, 3% free swimming, 13% feeding, and 5 % in agonistic activity. Floaters spend 18% of their time stationary swimming, 54% free swimming, 10% feeding, and 10% in agonistic activity. Nonterritorial fish spend 50% of their time stationary swimming, 43% free swimming, 2% feeding, and 3% in agonistic activity. 2. Stationary swimming tailbeat frequency for the floater (4.3) is significantly higher than for the territorial fish (3.6). The floater flight tailbeat frequency (8.2) is significantly higher than the territorial chase tailbeat frequency (6.9). Normal feed tailbeat frequencies are similar for all fish groups. Nonterritorial fish tend to move slowly (tailbeat frequency = 3.3) for all activities except normal feed. 3. The total activity budgets for territorial, floater, and nonterritorial fish are 1199, 1318, and 910 cal/kg/hr, respectively. The territorial fish uses 91 % as many calories as the floater fish and the nonterritorial fish utilizes 76% of the territorial budget. 4. Total agonistic costs represent 12 and 14% of the territorial and floater fish activity budgets, respectively. 5. The costs per feeding motion for the territorial, floater, and nonterritorial fish are 4.03, 4.91, 10.1 cal/motion, respectively. 6. The territorial fish has a net energy intake advantage over the floater, and probably over the nonterritorial fish, due to 1) reduced search costs, 2) reduced prey pursuit costs, and 3) reduced agonistic activity costs.

Changes in Ouabain-Sensitive Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in Gills of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) During Parr–Smolt Transformation

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Giles ◽  
W. E. Vanstone
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Sodium Activation

The effects of incubation temperature, pH, sodium, potassium, and ATP concentration, and ouabain on the activity of Na+–K+-activated ATPase of the gills of seawater-adapted juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were determined. The temperature and pH optima were 40 C and 7.4, respectively. The apparent Km for ATP at equimolar Mg++ concentration was 0.2 mM at Na+ and K+ concentrations of 100 and 20 mM, respectively. Maximal enzyme activity for Na+ concentration of 10.50 and 100 mM occurred at K+ concentrations of 12.5, 15.0, and 20.0 mM, respectively. The Ki for ouabain was 2 × 10−6 M and 7 × 10−6 for K+ concentrations of 10 and 20 mM, respectively.A large portion (up to 60%) of the ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in freshwater fish was activated by sodium ions in the absence of potassium ions (Na+-activation). Exposure to sea water resulted in a large increase in total ouabain-sensitive activity and a sharp decrease in the proportion of sodium activation. These changes occurred within 14 days after transfer to full strength sea water.On a seasonal basis, total ouabain-sensitive enzyme activity in juvenile freshwater coho was low (less than 5 μmol Pi/mg N per h) to the end of November, increased to a peak (over 125 μmol Pi/mg N per h) in mid-January, and subsequently declined by late February. A slow, steady rise in activity occurred during the smoking period of March and April and the relative contribution of sodium ions to the total activity declined in this period.

Foraging Behavior of the Mealybug Parasitoid Anagyrus sp.nov. nr. sinope (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juang-Horng Chong ◽  
Ronald D. Oetting
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Defensive Behaviors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Phenacoccus Madeirensis ◽  
Foraging Time

Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope Noyes and Menezes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a candidate biological control agent against the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). This study reported on the components of the oviposition behavior of Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope in relation to 6 developmental stadia of P. madeirensis: crawlers, second-instar nymphs, third-instar immature females, third-instar immature males, prereproductive adult females, and ovipositing adult females. A behavioral sequence and a time budget were prepared for Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope, indicating that the parasitoids foraging in a patch containing third-instar and prereproductive adult females had the highest probability to encounter and eventually parasitize a host. The parasitoids attacking third-instar and prereproductive adult females also spent the largest proportion of total foraging time in oviposition (67 and 69%, respectively) and had the longest handling time (997 and 655 sec per event, respectively). No third-instar immature males, which were wrapped in thick tests constructed of wax filaments, were parasitized by the parasitoids. Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope did not avoid superparasitism. Parasitoids foraging in patches of third-instar and adult females had a higher self-superparasitism rate (27–33%) than crawlers and second-instar nymphs (8–14%). The clutch sizes in the superparasitized mealybugs were slightly larger than those in the mealybugs parasitized only once, but the difference was only significant in the ovipositing female P. madeirensis. Older and larger mealybugs exhibited more vigorous defensive behaviors by walking away and flipping abdomens. However, such behavioral defenses were not effective against the persistent parasitoids.

scholarly journals Diurnal feeding strategies of the Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca) in Lake Tonga (Northeastern Algeria)

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalil Draidi ◽  
Badis Bakhouche ◽  
Naouel Lahlah ◽  
Imed Djemadi ◽  
Mourad Bensouilah
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Northeastern Algeria ◽  
Foraging Time ◽  
Minor Activity

Abstract Although the Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca) has thoroughly been studied, the foraging behaviour of this species is still not completely known. In the present paper we studied the diurnal feeding behaviour of ducks. We monitored the annual cycle of birds through two fieldtrips per month. The instantaneous behaviour of birds was recorded in regular 30-minute intervals from 7 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., amounting a total of 456 observation hours. Food searching activity corresponds to a quarter of the total diurnal time budget of the Ferruginous Duck. Foraging behaviour was classified into five categories dominated by the “diving”, which is almost 45.61% of the total search time. Foraging activities at the water surface considered to be secondary activities, including feeding by “bill”, “neck and head”, and “beak and head” in a rate of 19.86%, 14.53%, and 13.98%, respectively. The “toggle” remains a minor activity and represents only 5.99% of foraging time. The feeding behaviour of this species correlated to several environmental parameters (rainfall, temperature and wind velocity), and linked to the group size of ducks visiting the lake. Regarding the food intensity, our results show the highest values for “bill and head” behaviour. “Diving” has the longest feeding interval (16.16±14.1 minutes), while foraging by “bill” has the shortest (0.69 ± 0.48 minutes).

scholarly journals Activity budget of Rhinopithecus bieti at Tibet: Effects of day length, temperature and food availability

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 650-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuofu Xiang ◽  
Sheng Huo ◽  
Wen Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Activity Budget ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Rhinopithecus Bieti ◽  
Resting Time ◽  
Positive Functions ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Foraging Time

Abstract How animals allocate their time to various activities has significant consequences for their survival because they reflect the different constraints on time-energy balances. Many ecological variables, such as day length, temperature, food availability, are supposed to effect on activity budgets allocation of temperate primates. To examine the potential influence of these three variables, the activity budgets of Rhinopithecus bieti was studied at Xiaochangdu, Tibet from June 2003 to March 2005. Pearson correlations were utilized to assess potential relationships between activity budget and day length, food availability and temperature, and stepwise multiple regressions to identify the priority of resting and other activities (activities besides feeding, moving and resting). Time spent resting and doing "other activities" is positively related to day length, temperature and food availability. No significant correlations were found between feeding/moving time and any of these variables. This suggests that foraging time (feeding + moving) takes priority over rest and other activities. Day length and foraging time (as independent variables) were related to the time spent in the other two activities besides feeding/moving (as dependent variables). Both time spent resting and in "other activities" were highly significant positive functions of day length, with the latter a highly significant negative function of feeding time and moving time. Resting time may therefore be interpreted as taking priority over "other activities" time. These results provide further evidence of the importance of day length, temperature and food availability to seasonal activity budgets .

Development of net energy intake models for drift-feeding juvenile coho salmon and steelhead

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Piccolo ◽  
Nicholas F. Hughes ◽  
Mason D. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Drift Feeding ◽  
Net Energy Intake

Effect of Changes in Streamflow on the Microhabitat Use and Movements of Sympatric Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha) in a Natural Stream

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 1644-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Shirvell
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Optimal Position ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Natural Stream ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Seasonal Streamflow

The microhabitats at positions selected by juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) following a change in streamflow differed from microhabitats occupied at normal streamflows. At drought streamflow (37% mean seasonal streamflow (MSF)), juvenile coho salmon selected slower, darker, and higher sites above the streambed (P < 0.05) than sites selected at normal (75% MSF) or flood (159% MSF) flows. Juvenile chinook salmon microhabitat use changed similarly with changes in streamflow, but the differences were not significant. Up to one fifth of the fish chose positions with faster water velocities than those available either 30 cm above or 30 cm lateral to them. These fish chose positions inconsistent with the hypothesis of optimal position selection based on maximizing net energy gain. On average, fish moved 6.8 m following a change in streamflow. Juvenile coho salmon generally moved upstream in response to decreasing streamflows and downstream in response to increasing streamflows. Juvenile chinook salmon tended to move offshore and downstream in response to all streamflow changes. These results show that juvenile coho and chinook salmon will move to find suitable microhabitat following a change in streamflow and that the microhabitats are not the same at all streamflows.

Profitable stream positions for salmonids: relating specific growth rate to net energy gain

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt D. Fausch
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Net Energy Gain ◽  
Potential Profit

A model is developed to predict potential net energy gain for salmonids in streams from characteristics of water velocity and invertebrate drift. Potential net energy gain, or potential profit, is calculated for individuals of three species of juvenile salmonids in a laboratory stream aquarium, based on the energy available from drift minus the cost of swimming to maintain position. The Michaelis–Menten or Monod model is used to describe the relationship between potential profit and specific growth rate. Potential profit was a better predictor of specific growth rate for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) than for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) or brown trout (Salmo trutta). Coho salmon always achieved higher specific growth rates than either brook trout or brown trout in concurrent experiments, and maintained growth to lower resource thresholds. In each experiment, fish established intraspecific hierarchies and dominant fish held positions affording maximum potential profit. The use of potential profit as an optimal foraging model was tested by predicting the potential for net energy gain at coho salmon positions from the overall pattern of flow and invertebrate drift in the stream aquarium, and ranking these positions from highest to lowest potential profit. This predicted ranking was nearly identical to the rank observed in the linear dominance hierarchy. The results of experiments confirm ideas of other investigators about mechanisms of microhabitat selection by stream salmonids.

scholarly journals Flexible Foraging Response of Wintering Hooded Cranes (Grus monacha) to Food Availability in the Lakes of the Yangtze River Floodplain, China

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Wei ◽  
Meng Zheng ◽  
Lizhi Zhou ◽  
Wenbin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Foraging Success ◽  
Habitat Differences ◽  
Grus Monacha ◽  
Foraging Time

Wetlands are disappearing or degrading at an unprecedented rate due to the increase in human encroachment and disturbance, eventually leading to habitat loss for waterbirds, which is the primary cause of the decline in the Hooded Crane (Grus monacha) population. The Hooded Cranes have to constantly adjust their foraging strategies to survive to cope with this situation. In order to study how cranes respond to food resources in mosaic habitat, we surveyed a total of 420 food quadrats and 736 behavioral samples from three habitats during three wintering periods in Shengjin Lake and Caizi Lake. We measured temporal and between-habitat differences in foraging time budget, foraging frequency, and foraging success rate. Akaike’s information criterion was selected between the models of food abundance and availability. The results indicated that the wintering cranes spent the majority of their time (66.55%) foraging and shifted their foraging behaviors based upon food abundance and availability in different habitats. Our analyses also indicated that cranes were willing to forage more food with poor sediment penetrability in sub-optimal habitats. Foraging time budget was based on the food depth, and the foraging frequency and foraging success rate were based on food abundance. Cranes adopted flexible foraging strategies in response to the alternative food resources in mosaic wetland habitats, as it could mitigate the negative impacts of habitat loss and facilitate survival.

Late summer time budget and feeding behaviour of marbled godwits (Limosa fedoa) in southern Manitoba

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1277-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Wishart ◽  
Spencer G. Sealy
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Circus Cyaneus ◽  
Summer Time ◽  
Foraging Time

Marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa) foraging, social behaviour, and habitat use were studied in late summer in southern Manitoba. The flocks spent most of their time using three small potholes on the study area. Time budget activity changed cyclically over the day; birds spent 61.3% of the day feeding. Over 22% of foraging time was spent handling food and in pauses. It is suggested that the birds feed primarily by contact rather than sight and foraging may occur at night. Feeding was less efficient during strong wind and wave action and birds avoided exposed areas. This permitted them to feed at efficiencies characteristic of those of calm conditions. Birds were wary of marsh hawks (Circus cyaneus), but flocking and the use of open areas may have reduced their vulnerability to predation. Several factors including food availability, protection from wind, and vulnerability to predators probably influenced the way godwits used the habitat.

Aqueous Leachate from Western Red Cedar: Effects on Some Aquatic Organisms

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2703-2709 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Peters ◽  
H. J. Dawson ◽  
B. F. Hrutfiord ◽  
R. R. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Aqueous Leachate

Water-soluble extractives from western red cedar heartwood, bark, and foliage were investigated for their toxicity to aquatic organisms. The heartwood lignans and bark extractives were found to be moderately toxic, but the foliage terpenes and heartwood tropolones were more toxic, causing 50% mortality to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry at 0.33 and 2.7 mg/liter, respectively. Tropolones were significantly less toxic to invertebrates than to free-swimming stages of the fish tested. Fry were found to be the stage of development of coho salmon (O. kisutch) most sensitive to the tropolones, and eyed eggs the least sensitive. Sensitivity of the coho fry to tropolones was moderated by previous sublethal exposure or the presence of a chelatable cation. Results from field studies and a leaching study indicate that directly releasing cedar leachate from landfills or allowing logging debris to enter streams should be avoided.

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