On potential links between inequity aversion and the structure of interactions for the evolution of cooperation

Despite the fact that most models of cooperation assume equal outcomes between individuals, in real life it is likely rare that this is the case. Does it make a difference for our understanding of the evolution of cooperation? Following a taxonomy of cooperation concepts that focuses on costs and benefits, we explore this question by considering the degree to which inequity aversion may provide one mechanism to stabilize cooperation. We suggest a key role for inequity aversion in some contexts in both biological markets and direct reciprocity, and highlight the potentially unique role of positive inequity aversion for human reputation games. Nevertheless, a key challenge is to determine how different animal species perceive the payoff structure of their interactions, how they see their interaction with their partners, and the degree to which simpler mechanisms, like contrast effects or the associative learning seen in optimal foraging, may produce similar outcomes.

Download Full-text

METAANALYSIS OF RESEARCH STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTS OF TELEVISED-VIOLENCE ON SOCIETY

Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.46568/jssh.v55i1.93 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 75-86

Author(s):

Erum Hafeez

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Real Life ◽

Media Violence ◽

Single Factor ◽

Unique Role ◽

Multiple Factors ◽

The Media ◽

Television Plays ◽

Research Studies

With the advent and popularity of Television by the end of 1950s and early 1960s, researchers focused the role and effects of this new medium on its growing audience. Himmelweit (1958) and Schramm (1961) are considered the pioneer researchers in the field. The volume of scientific studies regarding televised violence was largely increased following the landmark State Reports in US published between 1972 and 1982. These reports indicated that the proliferation of TV has exposed children to media violence at home. However, violence is rarely caused by a single factor, it rather involves multiple factors. Signorielli (2005) in her book Violence in the Media rightly commented that television plays a unique role of an entertaining storyteller but the increasing commercialization of TV is a serious matter of concern.1 The objective of this literature review is to provide a holistic overview of the landmark studies conducted on televised violence and its contribution to real life crimes and violence in society.

Download Full-text

What You Expect is What You Get: The Role of Affective Expectations in Real-World Experiences

10.31219/osf.io/2tr6q ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lukas Röseler ◽

Astrid Schütz

Keyword(s):

Real Life ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Contrast Effects ◽

Demand Characteristics ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Before And After ◽

Positive Experiences ◽

Product Ratings ◽

Affective Expectations

Laboratory research has shown that expectations can impact a person’s affective experience in a positive or a negative way depending on factors such as how fine-grained an evaluation is (with fine-grained evaluations leading to contrast effects; Wilson, Lisle, Kraft, & Wetzel, 1989). These findings have been integrated into the Affective Expectation Model. The model has not yet been applied to situations outside the laboratory which raises several problems: So far, there was no control for possible demand characteristics or other confounds and it was not possible to make a prediction about whether assimilation or contrast predominates in real-life situations. To solve these problems, we interviewed moviegoers before and after they had watched movies (Study 1) and analyzed incidental data in the form of more than 1.5 million product ratings from approximately 2500 video games and movies (Studies 2a and 2b). The data consistently supported the assimilation hypothesis of affective expectations, that is, positive expectations lead to positive experiences.

Download Full-text

Meiotic CENP-C is a shepherd: bridging the space between the centromere and the kinetochore in time and space

Essays in Biochemistry ◽

10.1042/ebc20190080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 251-261

Author(s):

Jessica E. Fellmeth ◽

Kim S. McKim

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Segregation ◽

New Technologies ◽

Early Prophase ◽

Unique Role ◽

Kinetochore Assembly ◽

M Phase ◽

In Vivo Analysis ◽

Meiosis I

Abstract While many of the proteins involved in the mitotic centromere and kinetochore are conserved in meiosis, they often gain a novel function due to the unique needs of homolog segregation during meiosis I (MI). CENP-C is a critical component of the centromere for kinetochore assembly in mitosis. Recent work, however, has highlighted the unique features of meiotic CENP-C. Centromere establishment and stability require CENP-C loading at the centromere for CENP-A function. Pre-meiotic loading of proteins necessary for homolog recombination as well as cohesion also rely on CENP-C, as do the main scaffolding components of the kinetochore. Much of this work relies on new technologies that enable in vivo analysis of meiosis like never before. Here, we strive to highlight the unique role of this highly conserved centromere protein that loads on to centromeres prior to M-phase onset, but continues to perform critical functions through chromosome segregation. CENP-C is not merely a structural link between the centromere and the kinetochore, but also a functional one joining the processes of early prophase homolog synapsis to late metaphase kinetochore assembly and signaling.

Download Full-text

142-OR: Unique Role of the a4 Component for S6-Kinase Activity in Metabolic Regulation and Anti-apoptotic Effect in Brown Adipose Tissue

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db19-142-or ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 142-OR

Author(s):

MASAJI SAKAGUCHI ◽

SHOTA OKAGAWA ◽

SAYAKA KITANO ◽

TATSUYA KONDO ◽

EIICHI ARAKI

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Metabolic Regulation ◽

Kinase Activity ◽

S6 Kinase ◽

Unique Role ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Apoptotic Effect

Download Full-text

Epigenetic Regulator Signatures in Regenerative Capacity

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x14666190618125111 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 598-606

Author(s):

Sarah Albogami

Keyword(s):

Epigenetic Regulation ◽

Animal Species ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Regeneration Process ◽

Body Parts ◽

Lysine Methylation ◽

Regenerative Capacity ◽

Biological Phenomena ◽

Epigenetic Regulator

Background:: Regeneration is the process by which body parts lost as a result of injury are replaced, as observed in certain animal species. The root of regenerative differences between organisms is still not very well understood; if regeneration merely recycles developmental pathways in the adult form, why can some animals regrow organs whereas others cannot? In the regulation of the regeneration process as well as other biological phenomena, epigenetics plays an essential role. Objective:: This review aims to demonstrate the role of epigenetic regulators in determining regenerative capacity. Results:: In this review, we discuss the basis of regenerative differences between organisms. In addition, we present the current knowledge on the role of epigenetic regulation in regeneration, including DNA methylation, histone modification, lysine methylation, lysine methyltransferases, and the SET1 family. Conclusion:: An improved understanding of the regeneration process and the epigenetic regulation thereof through the study of regeneration in highly regenerative species will help in the field of regenerative medicine in future.

Download Full-text

Audit Reviewers' Judgments in Multiple Client Audit Environments

Behavioral Research in Accounting ◽

10.2308/bria-51788 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sudip Bhattacharjee ◽

Mario J. Maletta ◽

Kimberly K. Moreno

Keyword(s):

Audit Quality ◽

Internal Audit ◽

Contrast Effects ◽

Comparative Information ◽

A Current

ABSTRACT This study replicates Bhattacharjee, Maletta, and Moreno (2007), who find that audit preparers are susceptible to contrast effects in a multi-client environment. We demonstrate that auditors in the role of reviewers are also susceptible to contrast effects from a prior client. Audit reviewers' assessments of internal audit quality of a current client were significantly affected by the quality of the internal audit group of a client they previously reviewed. Specifically, when auditors first reviewed a client with a weak internal audit group they assessed the subsequent moderate internal audit group as being of higher quality than when they first reviewed a prior client with a strong internal audit group or did not review a prior client. Reviewers' documentation of evidence was also influenced by comparative information from the prior client. These results corroborate the key findings of Bhattacharjee et al. (2007) and confirm audit reviewers' susceptibility to contrast effects.

Download Full-text

Calibrating the CreditRisk+ Model at Different Time Scales and in Presence of Temporal Autocorrelation †

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math9141679 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (14) ◽

pp. 1679

Author(s):

Jacopo Giacomelli ◽

Luca Passalacqua

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Default Risk ◽

Real Life ◽

Statistical Error ◽

Real Data ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Calibration Procedure ◽

Industry Standards ◽

Default Rate

The CreditRisk+ model is one of the industry standards for the valuation of default risk in credit loans portfolios. The calibration of CreditRisk+ requires, inter alia, the specification of the parameters describing the structure of dependence among default events. This work addresses the calibration of these parameters. In particular, we study the dependence of the calibration procedure on the sampling period of the default rate time series, that might be different from the time horizon onto which the model is used for forecasting, as it is often the case in real life applications. The case of autocorrelated time series and the role of the statistical error as a function of the time series period are also discussed. The findings of the proposed calibration technique are illustrated with the support of an application to real data.

Download Full-text

Calculators as Facilitators of Understanding Computational and Mathematical Contexts

Open Education Studies ◽

10.1515/edu-2019-0012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 177-183

Author(s):

Jan Guncaga ◽

Lilla Korenova ◽

Jozef Hvorecky

Keyword(s):

Soft Skills ◽

Real Life ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

Learning Processes ◽

Complex Phenomenon ◽

Learning To Learn ◽

Life Problems ◽

The Subject ◽

The Relationship

AbstractLearning is a complex phenomenon. Contemporary theories of education underline active participation of learners in their learning processes. One of the key arguments supporting this approach is the learner’s simultaneous and unconscious development of their ability of “learning to learn”. This ability belongs to the soft skills highly valued by employers today.For Mathematics Education, it means that teachers have to go beyond making calculations and memorizing formulas. We have to teach the subject in its social context. When the students start understanding the relationship between real-life problems and the role of numbers and formulas for their solutions, their learning becomes a part of their tacit knowledge. Below we explain the theoretical background of our approach and provide examples of such activities.

Download Full-text