The role of oxytocin on peaceful associations and sociality in mammals

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1053-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Romero ◽  
Kenji Onishi ◽  
Toshikazu Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Maternal Attachment ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Pair Bonds ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
The Relationship

There is currently substantial evidence indicating that oxytocin, a hypothalamus neuropeptide, modulates many forms of social behaviour and cognition in both human and non-human animals. The vast majority of animal research, however, has concentrated on maternal attachment and reproductive pair-bonds. In order to understand the neurochemical foundations of peaceful associations and sociality, oxytocin’s contribution to other types of social bonds, as well as to individual variation in sociality, should also be explored. Here, we summarise the most current studies that have investigated oxytocin’s role in regulating stable peaceful associations not directly related to mating. We also provide an overview on oxytocin’s role in support of specific social structures, and propose a novel research approach to evaluate the relationship between individual variation in social tendencies and variation in the oxytociergic system. We conclude by discussing avenues of future investigation in the biological substrates of sociality.

scholarly journals Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (45) ◽  
pp. 13811-13816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juulia T. Suvilehto ◽  
Enrico Glerean ◽  
Robin I. M. Dunbar ◽  
Riitta Hari ◽  
Lauri Nummenmaa
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Social Touch ◽  
Emotional Bonds ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Relationship

Nonhuman primates use social touch for maintenance and reinforcement of social structures, yet the role of social touch in human bonding in different reproductive, affiliative, and kinship-based relationships remains unresolved. Here we reveal quantified, relationship-specific maps of bodily regions where social touch is allowed in a large cross-cultural dataset (N = 1,368 from Finland, France, Italy, Russia, and the United Kingdom). Participants were shown front and back silhouettes of human bodies with a word denoting one member of their social network. They were asked to color, on separate trials, the bodily regions where each individual in their social network would be allowed to touch them. Across all tested cultures, the total bodily area where touching was allowed was linearly dependent (mean r2 = 0.54) on the emotional bond with the toucher, but independent of when that person was last encountered. Close acquaintances and family members were touched for more reasons than less familiar individuals. The bodily area others are allowed to touch thus represented, in a parametric fashion, the strength of the relationship-specific emotional bond. We propose that the spatial patterns of human social touch reflect an important mechanism supporting the maintenance of social bonds.

scholarly journals Smiling in Pain: Explorations of Its Social Motives

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Kunz ◽  
Kenneth Prkachin ◽  
Stefan Lautenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Quantitative Level ◽  
Clinical Pain ◽  
Socially Motivated ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unpleasant Experience

Studies of facial responses during experimental and clinical pain have revealed a surprising phenomenon, namely, that a considerable number of individuals respond with a smile. So far, it is not known why smiling occurs during pain. It is possible that the “smile of pain” is socially motivated (e.g., reinforcing social bonds while undergoing an unpleasant experience). The present studies were conducted in an attempt to address the role of social motives in smiling during pain. In two studies, we varied the quantitative (level of sociality) and qualitative (properties of the relationship between interactants) components of the situations in which participants received painful stimulation. Participants’ faces were video-recorded and the occurrence of smiling was assessed. The occurrence of smiling differed depending on stimulus intensity and the properties of the relationship between interactants. Smiling occurred more often during the painful compared to nonpainful stimulation. Whereas the presence of a stranger (experimenter) reduced the smiling behavior, the presence of an intimate other increased it. Slight variations in the level of sociality, however, had no effect on the degree of smiling. Social motives possibly aimed at strengthening social bonds and thus ensuring social support appear to underlie smiling during pain.

Relationship between competitive strategy and construction organisation performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 2340-2366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luqman Oyekunle Oyewobi ◽  
Abimbola Olukemi Windapo ◽  
James Olabode Bamidele Rotimi ◽  
Richard Ajayi Jimoh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Competitive Strategy ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Organisational Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the possible moderating role of organisational characteristics (organisational structure, management style and decision-making style) in the relationship between strategy and organisational performance among large construction organisations in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a quantitative research approach using a questionnaire survey to obtain data from 72 large construction organisations in South Africa. Using hierarchical multiple regression, the paper examines the relationship between the constructs discussed in the study. Findings The internal characteristics of the organisation form the vital basis for achieving optimal performance. The results obtained from the analysis revealed that decision-making style directly influences the measure of organisational effectiveness, while it could also be inferred that organisational characteristics partly moderate the relationship between competitive strategy and organisational performance. The findings indicate that internal characteristics is one of the means through which organisational strategic factors and contextual aspects are organised to achieve greater organisational performance levels. Originality/value The findings have theoretical implications for strategic management literature in construction as it extends the scope of research on strategic management from assessing a set of individual management practices to evaluating a complex mechanism that connects internal characteristics and competitive advantage. It is believed that this study will contribute positively to the role of organisational characteristics in the competitive strategy-performance relationships in large construction organisations in South Africa and to the ongoing discussion on emerging strategic management issues in construction.

scholarly journals The Sirenic Links between Diabetes, Obesity, and Bladder Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11150
Author(s):  
Emily Gill ◽  
Gurimaan Sandhu ◽  
Douglas G. Ward ◽  
Claire M. Perks ◽  
Richard T. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Pleckstrin Homology Domain ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Potential Mediator ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
The Relationship

There is considerable evidence of a positive association between the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity with bladder cancer (BCa), with the link between T2DM and obesity having already been established. There also appear to be potential associations between Pleckstrin homology domain containing S1 (PLEKHS1) and the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) axis. Seven literature searches were carried out to investigate the backgrounds of these potential links. PLEKHS1 is a candidate biomarker in BCa, with mutations that are easily detectable in urine and increased expression seemingly associated with worse disease states. PLEKHS1 has also been implicated as a potential mediator for the onset of T2DM in people with obesity. The substantial evidence of the involvement of IGF in BCa, the role of the IGF axis in obesity and T2DM, and the global prevalence of T2DM and obesity suggest there is scope for investigating the links between these components. Preliminary findings on the relationship between PLEKHS1 and the IGF axis signal possible associations with BCa progression. This indicates that PLEKHS1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of BCa that may be mediated by members of the IGF axis. Further detailed research is needed to establish the relationship between PLEKHS1 and the IGF axis in BCa and determine how these phenomena overlap with T2DM and obesity.

Smoke Screen

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Social Structures ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
The West ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetles ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Case ◽  
Fire Activity ◽  
Pine Beetles ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter presents three cases that illustrate how the underlying drivers of wildland-urban interface (WUI) wildfires frequently mischaracterize the relative role of ecological and social structures of influence. The first case explores the rather unscientific origins of the term firestorm and the credibility it is afforded as a legitimate fire classification through its normative use and acceptance in mainstream fire discourse. This process diminishes the very social and profitable origins of the WUI fire problem and naturalizes these areas as a hazardous by-product of larger, exogenous, and inviolable environmental forces such as climate change. The second case examines recent efforts to study and explain the relationship between mountain pine beetles and fire activity in the western United States. The third case describes the deeply political and protracted process of challenging the economically powerful wood shingle and cedar shake industry. Collectively all three cases illustrate how contemporary discourses on fire tend to truncate the scope of what counts (or is allowed to be brought to the debate table) as an underlying driver of increased fire activity in the West.

scholarly journals The Influence of Emerging Adulthood on the Risky and Dangerous Behaviors of LGBT Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Christopher Salvatore ◽  
Tarika Daftary-Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Lgbt Populations ◽  
Dangerous Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

During emerging adulthood, traditional social bonds and turning points may be delayed, not present, or may not work in the same manner as they had for prior generations, leading many to engage in risky and dangerous behaviors. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered emerging adults may be at particular risk for engaging in risky and dangerous behavior during emerging adulthood due to the lack of social bonds, reaching of turning points, as well as the historic stigmatization of these populations. Focusing on LGBT populations in the United States, the influence of emerging adulthood on risky and dangerous behaviors is presented; a theoretical examination of the relationship between LGBT populations and risky and dangerous behaviors is provided; the influence of emerging adulthood on LGBT populations is explored; research on the role of emerging adulthoods influence on the risky and dangerous behaviors of LGBT populations is presented; and theoretical and policy implications are offered.

The role of language and the language of role in institutional decision making

1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Mehan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Classroom Teachers ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Regular Classrooms ◽  
Student’S Performance ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
Teachers And Parents ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between linguistic processes, cognitive activities, and social structures is explored by examining the decision making of committees of educators as they decide to place students into special education programs or retain them in regular classrooms. Often, different committee members enter committee meetings with different views of the student's case and its disposition, e.g., classroom teachers and parents provide accounts of the student's performance that compete with the view of the psychologist or district representative. Yet by the meeting's end, the version of the student's case provided by the psychologist or the district representative prevails.

scholarly journals The Education and Social Integration of the Human Individual

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 310-317
Author(s):  
Oana Mariana Ciuchi
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Human Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Social Insertion

Abstract This paper presents the importance of the action of the educational phenomenon in the formation / development / transformation and social insertion of the human individual. In this sense, we consider the relationship between the development of the human individual (particularly the child) and its formation throughout life. At the same time, within this research approach we will present in detail the role of the schooling stage for becoming a personality able to integrate properly and harmoniously in various environments / social contexts.

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