Developmental and growth patterns in Xiphinema parasimile and X. simile (Nematoda: Dorylaimida), members of the X. americanum-group

Nematology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-273
Author(s):  
László Barsi
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Embryonic Growth ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

AbstractXiphinema parasimile and X. simile are morphologically and morphometrically very similar, yet molecularly different, species with different developmental and growth patterns, a different number of juvenile developmental stages (four vs three) and a different post-embryonic growth pattern. Body length, body volume and odontostyle and replacement odontostyle lengths served for comparison of the post-embryonic growth patterns in these species. A percentage method was used to make the data sets comparable between one population of X. parasimile and three populations of X. simile. The mean body lengths of the first, second and pre-adult stages in X. simile showed similarity with those of the second, third and pre-adult stages in X. parasimile. In X. simile there was no unique growth pattern of body length and body volume from stage to stage applicable for all populations, just a similar trend with more or less similar values. The difference between replacement odontostyle and functional odontostyle lengths in all juvenile stages was higher in X. simile and lower in X. parasimile, despite the very similar mean odontostyle length in the female stage of both species.

THE GROWTH OF IQ AMONG ESTONIAN SCHOOLCHILDREN FROM AGES 7 TO 19

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
HELLE PULLMANN ◽  
JÜRI ALLIK ◽  
RICHARD LYNN
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Maturation Process ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The Standard Progressive Matrices test was standardized in Estonia on a representative sample of 4874 schoolchildren aged from 7 to 19 years. When the IQ of Estonian children was expressed in relation to British and Icelandic norms, both demonstrated a similar sigmoid relationship. The youngest Estonian group scored higher than the British and Icelandic norms: after first grade, the score fell below 100 and remained lower until age 12, and after that age it increased above the mean level of these two comparison countries. The difference between the junior school children and the secondary school children may be due to schooling, sampling error or different trajectories of intellectual maturation in different populations. Systematic differences in the growth pattern suggest that the development of intellectual capacities proceeds at different rates and the maturation process can take longer in some populations than in others.

POSTPARTUM AMENORRHOEA IN RURAL EASTERN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-243
Author(s):  
K. N. S. YADAVA ◽  
S. K. JAIN
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Current Status Data ◽  
North India ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Survival Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data

This paper calculates the mean duration of the postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) and examines its demographic, and socioeconomic correlates in rural north India, using data collected through 'retrospective' (last but one child) as well as 'current status' (last child) reporting of the duration of PPA.The mean duration of PPA was higher in the current status than in the retrospective data;n the difference being statistically significant. However, for the same mothers who gave PPA information in both the data sets, the difference in mean duration of PPA was not statistically significant. The correlates were identical in both the data sets. The current status data were more complete in terms of the coverage, and perhaps less distorted by reporting errors caused by recall lapse.A positive relationship of the mean duration of PPA was found with longer breast-feeding, higher parity and age of mother at the birth of the child, and the survival status of the child. An inverse relationship was found with higher education of a woman, higher education of her husband and higher socioeconomic status of her household, these variables possibly acting as proxies for women's better nutritional status.

scholarly journals Effects of Tea (Camellia sinensis) Phytochemicals on the Yoghurt Cultures (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) During Development and Storage of Tea Fortified Yoghurts

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Simon Oduor Ochanda ◽  
John Kanyiri Wanyoko ◽  
Abdul Kiptoo Faraj ◽  
Christine Akoth Onyango ◽  
Henrik Kipngeno Ruto
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Lactobacillus Bulgaricus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Sensory Tests

<p>Tea phytochemicals have been reported to exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. This current study reports the ability of <em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em> <em>bulgaricus</em> to grow, survive and multiply in the presence of tea phytochemicals during development and storage of tea fortified yoghurts. Two Kenyan tea varieties clone TRFK 6/8 (standard black quality tea) and clone TRFK 306/1 (newly developed purple leafed tea clone), were processed as aerated and non-aerated teas and used to develop tea fortified yoghurt. The teas were added at concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 4 g in 250 mL volumes of milk (w/v) which was predetermined by sensory tests. The results showed that tea phytochemicals at the added ranges had no adverse effect on the growth of <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</em> and <em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em>; however, yoghurt setting time was prolonged at a mean time of 4.11, 5.22, 7.29 and 8.26 hrs respectively for tea concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 4 g/250 mL milk. The mean microbial load for <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus</em> in black, green and purple tea yoghurts were also inversely proportional to the concentration of the added teas. In the developmental stages of tea fortified yoghurts <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</em> range was 0.52-1.58 × 10<sup>7 </sup>CFU/mL while <em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em> range was 2.53-3.51 × 10<sup>9 </sup>CFU/mL, during storage the growth patterns were different between the cultures. The recorded mean values range for <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</em> was 2.79-4.35 × 10<sup>7 </sup>CFU/mL while <em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em> mean range was 2.57-3.47 × 10<sup>9</sup> CFU/mL Phytochemicals traced in the product had concentration values below 5 × 10<sup>2</sup><sup> </sup>µgmL<sup>-1</sup>. In conclusion, it was possible to develop probiotic tea fortified yoghurt containing tea phytochemicals with unlimited health benefits using different the different tea clones.</p>

The growth pattern of the African tortoise Geochelone pardalis and other chelonians

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Hailey ◽  
Ian M Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
The North ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

Growth rings were measured in dead African leopard tortoises, Geochelone pardalis, collected in the seasonal tropics of Zimbabwe over an 11-year period. A series of Ford-Walford plots using growth measured from annuli showed that growth fitted a logistic by mass curve best, logistic by length and Gompertz curves less well, and a Bertalanffy curve least well. The Bertalanffy curve, often fitted to growth of chelonians, is characterised by particularly high growth rates of juveniles compared with larger individuals. It is suggested that this growth pattern is likely to be found in species showing a marked decrease in diet quality with size. This hypothesis is supported by a review of growth patterns in chelonians: Bertalanffy curves are associated with an omnivorous (and thus potentially variable) diet and other growth patterns with an obligate carnivorous or herbivorous diet. Geochelone pardalis in Zimbabwe showed significant sexual size dimorphism, the mean asymptotic mass of females being 1.7 times that of males, unlike populations with larger body sizes to the north and south. Annual survival estimated from age-frequency distributions was significantly higher in males (0.80) than in females (0.72), the difference being sufficient to account for the male-biased sex ratio of live animals.

Post-embryonic growth of longidorid nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 883-889
Author(s):  
Brian Boag ◽  
Gregor Yeates
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Embryonic Growth ◽  
Consistent Increase ◽  
Juvenile Stages

AbstractTo investigate changes in body size of Longidoridae during growth, we used published dimensions of stages to calculate volumes of the juvenile and adult stages of 33 species. A consistent increase in body volume between the juvenile stages was found with proportionally more growth occurring between the smaller stages. In species where three, rather than four, juvenile stages are present, the ultimate size of adults was correspondingly smaller. In the Heteroderidae, greatest growth occurs in later stages and this indicates different adaptations to plant parasitism. Analysis of further groups of free-living and parasitic nematodes is required to increase understanding of body growth and life histories, both within and between families.

scholarly journals Tropospheric CO vertical profiles deduced from total columns using data assimilation: methodology and validation

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3035-3057 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. El Amraoui ◽  
J.-L. Attié ◽  
P. Ricaud ◽  
W. A. Lahoz ◽  
A. Piacentini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. This paper presents a validation of a method to derive the vertical profile of carbon monoxide (CO) from its total column using data assimilation. We choose version 3 of MOPITT CO total columns to validate the proposed method. MOPITT products have the advantage of providing both the vertical profiles and the total columns of CO. Furthermore, this version has been extensively validated by comparison with many independent data sets, and has been used in many scientific studies. The first step of the paper consists in the specification of the observation errors based on the chi-square (χ2) test. The observations have been binned according to three types: over land during daytime, over land during night-time, and over sea. Their respective errors using the χ2 metric have been found to be 8, 11 and 7%. In the second step, the CO total columns, with their specified errors, are used within the assimilation system to estimate the vertical profiles. These are compared to the retrieved profiles of MOPITT V3 at global and regional scales. Generally, the two data sets show similar patterns and good agreement at both scales. Nevertheless, total column analyses slightly overestimate CO concentrations compared to MOPITT observations. The mean bias between both data sets is +15 and +12% at 700 and 250 hPa, respectively. In the third step, the assimilation of total column has been compared to the assimilation of MOPITT vertical profiles. The differences between both analyses are very small. In terms longitude–latitude maps, the mean bias between the two data sets is +6 and +8% at the pressure levels 700 and 200 hPa, respectively. In terms of zonal means, the CO distribution is similar for both analyses, with a mean bias which does not exceed 12%. Finally, the two analyses have been validated using independent observations from the aircraft-based MOZAIC program in terms of vertical profiles over eight airports. Over most airports, both analyses agree well with aircraft profiles. For more than 50% of recorded measurements, the difference between the analyses and MOZAIC does not exceed 5 ppbv (parts per billion by volume).

scholarly journals Mesiodistal angulation of posterior teeth in orthodontic patients with different facial growth patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-273
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Badiee ◽  
Asghar Ebadifar ◽  
Sanaz Sajedi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Open Bite ◽  
Occlusal Plane ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Deep Bite ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mandibular Posterior Teeth

Background. Mesiodistal and buccolingual angulations of teeth are variable in different malocclusion classes. This study aimed to assess the mesiodistal angulation of posterior teeth in orthodontic patients with vertical, normal, and horizontal facial growth patterns. Methods. This descriptive, cross-sectional study evaluated 150 lateral cephalograms of orthodontic patients. According to cephalometric analysis, facial growth patterns were divided into three groups of normal, horizontal, and vertical (n=50). The angulation of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth was then measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22. Results. The results showed an increase in the mean angle of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth relative to palatal and mandibular planes in patients with a vertical facial growth pattern. Conversely, their angulation decreased relative to the bisected occlusal plane (BOP). The angulation of posterior teeth decreased relative to palatal and mandibular planes and increased relative to the occlusal plane with an increase in overbite. The mean angle of all maxillary teeth relative to the palatal plane was significantly greater in open bite patients compared to normal and deep bite patients. This value in patients with normal bite was significantly greater than that in deep bite patients (P<0.05). Conclusion. The current results revealed that in patients with a vertical growth pattern, all the posterior teeth had a forward inclination. Conversely, in patients with a horizontal growth pattern, the teeth had a backward inclination.

Growth-pattern variation in two species of Rheumatobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) with different degrees of sexual dimorphism

2008 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Iglesias ◽  
F.A. Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Allometric Analysis

AbstractGrowth patterns of Rheumatobates crassifemur crassifemur Esaki and R. bonariensis (Berg) were compared in a multivariate framework. Study of allometric coefficients in R. bonariensis showed sexual differences biased towards males in antennal and foreleg segments and biased towards females in body length and middle-leg segments. Multivariate allometric analysis of female growth patterns detected variation among species in those characters that are strongly modified in males of R. c. crassifemur. We show that sexual morphology diverges as of nymph V in R. c. crassifemur but only in the adults of R. bonariensis.

scholarly journals Sonographic evaluation of the degree of medial meniscal extrusion during Thessaly test in healthy knees

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Cho ◽  
Lauren Tollefson ◽  
Kenneth Reckelhoff
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Meniscus Tear ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Meniscal Extrusion ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Knee Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Objective The Thessaly test is a commonly used orthopedic test for meniscus tear evaluation. The study’s objective is to evaluate the degree of medial meniscal extrusion during different loading phases of the Thessaly test. Methods A convenience sample of 60 healthy knees (35 participants) was examined and the data sets were collected from October 8, 2018 through February 8, 2019. Sonographic measurement of the degree of physiologic extrusion of the medial meniscus deep to the medial collateral ligament was taken by two examiners at six different loading phases: supine, standing, 5° knee-flexion with internal (IR)/external (ER) rotation and 20° knee-flexion with IR/ER. The difference in meniscal extrusion by knee position was compared with ANOVA. Interexaminer reproducibility assessment was analyzed using limits of agreement. Results The mean meniscal extrusion for each position was—supine: 2.3 ± 0.5 mm, standing: 2.8 ± 0.8 mm, 5° IR: 2.3 ± 0.9 mm, 5° ER: 2.4 ± 0.7 mm, 20° IR: 1.9 ± 0.8 mm, and 20° ER: 2.3 ± 0.7 mm. Significant increase in extrusion was observed from supine to standing (p < 0.05) and from 20° IR to 20° ER (p = 0.015). Significant decreased measurement was observed from standing to 5° IR (p < 0.05), 5° ER (p < 0.05), 20° IR (p < 0.05) and 20° ER (p < 0.05). There is no significant change between 5° IR and 5° ER (p = 1.0). Agreement parameters revealed that the differences between examiner measurements were minimal; 75% of both examiners’ meniscal extrusion measurements were within 1.0 mm with 97% of measurements falling within 2.0 mm. Conclusion Our study’s novel findings showed various degrees of physiological extrusion of the medial meniscus in asymptomatic knees during the loading phases involved in the Thessaly test. Physiological MME does exist and should not be defaulted to pathologic meniscus as previously described. Agreement parameters suggest that measurement of meniscal extrusion during the Thessaly test is reproducible between different examiners.

scholarly journals Projections of Tropical Fermat-Weber Points

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 3102
Author(s):  
Weiyi Ding ◽  
Xiaoxian Tang
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Random Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
R Language ◽  
Euclidean Metric ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

This paper is motivated by the difference between the classical principal component analysis (PCA) in a Euclidean space and the tropical PCA in a tropical projective torus as follows. In Euclidean space, the projection of the mean point of a given data set on the principle component is the mean point of the projection of the data set. However, in tropical projective torus, it is not guaranteed that the projection of a Fermat-Weber point of a given data set on a tropical polytope is a Fermat-Weber point of the projection of the data set. This is caused by the difference between the Euclidean metric and the tropical metric. In this paper, we focus on the projection on the tropical triangle (the three-point tropical convex hull), and we develop one algorithm and its improved version, such that for a given data set in the tropical projective torus, these algorithms output a tropical triangle, on which the projection of a Fermat-Weber point of the data set is a Fermat-Weber point of the projection of the data set. We implement these algorithms in R language and test how they work with random data sets. We also use R language for numerical computation. The experimental results show that these algorithms are stable and efficient, with a high success rate.

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