Effect of root nitrogen supply forms on attraction and repulsion of second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne graminicola

Nematology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagadeesh Patil ◽  
Stephen J. Powers ◽  
Keith G. Davies ◽  
Hari S. Gaur ◽  
Anthony J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Hydroponically Grown ◽  
Root Nitrogen

Three experiments were conducted to compare the attraction and repulsion of second-stage juveniles (J2) of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, to rice plants supplied with different forms of nitrogen. The rice plants were hydroponically grown in a full nutrient solution containing different concentrations (0.1 or 10.0 mM) of nitrate (NO3−) or forms of nitrogen supply (2.85 mM calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)) for 2 weeks. Five rice plants were placed with their roots in one corner of a Perspex X or Y-chamber partly filled with agar and J2 were inoculated onto the chambers. The data show that J2 of M. graminicola were significantly attracted towards the roots of rice plants grown in hydroponics containing 0.1 mM NO3− and 2.85 mM Ca(NO3)2, but repelled by 10.0 mM NO3−, 2.85 mM NH4NO3 and NH4Cl. The results suggest that the application of ammonia-based nitrogen fertiliser to the rice nursery bed may interfere with nematode attraction and thus reduce invasion, and the application of chemical nitrification inhibitors to rice nursery beds may decrease nematode invasion.

Comparison of host recognition, invasion, development and reproduction of Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita on rice and tomato

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar K. Dutta ◽  
Stephen J. Powers ◽  
Brian R. Kerry ◽  
Hari S. Gaur ◽  
Rosane H.C. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Tomato Roots

AbstractThe rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola normally infects rice, wheat and several other graminaceous plants. Meloidogyne incognita is a serious pest of dicotyledonous crops, although it can infect and reproduce on some cereals. This paper demonstrates and compares host recognition, development and reproduction of these two species of root-knot nematodes on rice and tomato plants. Attraction bioassays in pluronic gel clearly showed that M. incognita preferred tomato roots to rice or mustard roots, whilst M. graminicola was more attracted towards rice compared with tomato or mustard roots. Based on the attraction data from this study, it can be hypothesised that either: i) the blend of attractants and repellents are different in good and poor hosts; or ii) relatively long-range attractants, together with shorter-range repellents, might affect nematode movement patterns. Some host specific attractants might also be involved. Meloidogyne incognita was able to invade and develop to adult female but did not produce eggs in rice roots. By contrast, M. graminicola developed and reproduced faster on both rice and tomato plants compared with M. incognita. Nevertheless, second-stage juveniles of both these root-knot nematodes showed a similar pattern of distribution inside the roots, preferring to accumulate at the root tips of rice or in the vascular cylinder and cortical region of tomato.

scholarly journals Infestation of Rice Root-Knot Nematode in Rice Nurseries in Chitwan

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Dangal ◽  
S. M. Shrestha ◽  
D. Sharma Poudyal ◽  
C. Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Natural Infestation ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
June July

A survey was conducted during June-July 2006 in Chitwan to find out the natural infestation of rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Brichfield) in rice nurseries. Thirty nurseries were surveyed and 100 seedlings from each nursery were evaluated. Field survey revealed that M. graminicola was widely distributed in most rice growing areas of Chitwan District. Rice root-knot disease was more prevalent in dry bed condition than wet bed. Most of the farmers grew seedlings in upland (dry) soil and there was more rice root-knot disease and second stage juvenile (J2) population in both nursery soil and seedling root. The galled (diseased) seedlings had significantly shorter roots and shoots. Most of the farmers did not know about the nematode problem and did not follow any management practices to control it in nurseries and/or in the main field. This indicated high risk of multiplication of the nematodes and huge loss in rice production. Thus, it is essential to manage M. graminicola in rice nurseries in order to produce healthy seedlings.Key words: Dry bed; Lowland; Meloidogyne graminicola; Upland; Wet bedDOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2822Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Volume 10, 2009 December Page: 45-49  

Effect of nitrogen supply form on the invasion of rice roots by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola

Nematology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagadeesh Patil ◽  
Anthony J. Miller ◽  
Hari S. Gaur
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Nitrate Transport ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Important Pest

Rice is capable of taking up both nitrate (NO3−) and ammonical (NH4+) forms of nitrogen (N). It is largely grown under flooded cultivation when NH4+ is the main form of available soil N. The root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, can cause serious damage to rice crops and disturb N uptake and translocation. We have investigated if the N supply form can influence the susceptibility of rice to this important pest. Roots supplied with a 100-fold lower supply of calcium nitrate (0.1 mM Ca(NO3)2) showed a higher level of nematode infection as measured by the gall index. Plants supplied with 2.85 mM of Ca(NO3)2 were more infected compared with the same dose of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). 15NO3− influx studies showed significantly smaller uptake of nitrate in nematode-infected roots when compared with non-infected control plants. The electrophysiological studies showed that resting cell membrane potentials of nematode-infected plants were significantly smaller (less negative) than those of non-infected control rice. Furthermore, when the cellular responses to NO3− were compared, these also showed significantly smaller nitrate transport activity in nematode-infected roots (4.7 ± 1.2 mV) when compared with non-infected control plants (11.9 ± 3.4 mV). Taken together, the 15NO3− influx and electrophysiological measurements clearly showed that the root NO3− transport activity was severely decreased in nematode-infected roots. The results also show that regulation of NO3− concentration at critical periods of nematode infection of rice root can provide a non-nematicidal method of nematode management.

Comparison of migration, penetration, development and reproduction of Meloidogyne graminicola on susceptible and resistant rice genotypes

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma. Teodora Nadong Cabasan ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Dirk De Waele
Keyword(s):  
Egg Laying ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
African Rice ◽  
Asian Rice ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Nematode Development

Migration, penetration, development and reproduction of the rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, in the resistant African rice genotypes TOG5674, TOG5675, CG14 and RAM131, and in the susceptible Asian rice genotypes IR64 and UPLRi-5 were studied and compared. The number of second-stage juveniles (J2) that had migrated horizontally and vertically towards the rhizosphere at 48 h after inoculation was comparable in both resistant and susceptible rice genotypes. Penetration of J2 was significantly lower in the resistant rice genotypes compared with the susceptible rice genotypes at 3 and 7 days after inoculation (DAI). Nematode development in the resistant rice genotypes was slower than in the susceptible rice genotypes. Nematode reproduction was significantly lower in the resistant rice genotypes, which supported fewer eggs per g of roots and eggs per female. A significantly higher percentage of egg-laying females was found in the susceptible rice genotypes. Mature females that had developed in the resistant rice genotypes were significantly smaller than the ones in the susceptible rice genotypes. The resistant rice genotypes had significantly fewer galls than the susceptible rice genotypes.

scholarly journals Effect of Rice Root-Knot Nematode on Growth and Yield of Yellow Granex Onion

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
pp. 1339-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Gergon ◽  
S. A. Miller ◽  
J. M. Halbrendt ◽  
R. G. Davide
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Infested Field

Rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, infects all commercially grown onion cultivars in rice-onion cropping systems in the Philippines, but its economic importance has not been established. The effects of different preplant population levels (Pi) of M. graminicolaon Yellow Granex onion in pots and of different percentages of galled roots in a naturally infested field were evaluated. Leaf weight and root length of ‘Yellow Granex 429’ seedlings decreased with increasing Pi, while low Pi mildly stimulated plant height at the vegetative growth stage. Age of transplant and Pi influenced growth and yield of onion at maturity. Onion yield and root and leaf weights decreased as the age of the transplants increased. Growth and yield decreased with increased Pi. Bulb weight was reduced by 7 to 82% and diameter by 10 to 62% when plants were inoculated with 50 to 10,000 second-stage juveniles. Onion bulbs from the field were reduced by 16, 32, and 35% in weight and by 6, 17, and 18% in diameter when the percentage of roots galled was 10, 50, and 100%, respectively. Management of M. graminicolapopulations at the start of the growing season must be part of onion culture in rice-onion systems to reduce onion yield losses and to prevent economic loss.

scholarly journals Control of Meloidogyne graminicola a Root-Knot Nematode Using Rice Plants as Trap Crops: Preliminary Results

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Stefano Sacchi ◽  
Giulia Torrini ◽  
Leonardo Marianelli ◽  
Giuseppe Mazza ◽  
Annachiara Fumagalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Trap Crop ◽  
Nematode Density ◽  
Lombardy Region ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Phytosanitary Measure ◽  
Management Approaches

Meloidogyne graminicola is one of the most harmful organisms in rice cultivation throughout the world. This pest was detected for the first time in mainland Europe (Northern Italy) in 2016 and was subsequently added to the EPPO Alert List. To date, few methods are available for the control of M. graminicola and new solutions are required. In 2019, field trials using rice plants as trap crops were performed in a Lombardy region rice field where five plots for three different management approaches were staked out: (i) Uncultivated; (ii) Treated: three separate cycles of rice production where plants were sown and destroyed each time at the second leaf stage; (iii) Control: rice was sown and left to grow until the end of the three cycles in treated plots. The results showed that in the treated plots, the nematode density and the root gall index were lower than for the other two management approaches. Moreover, the plant population density and rice plant growth were higher than the uncultivated and control plots. In conclusion, the use of the trap crop technique for the control of M. graminicola gave good results and thus it could be a new phytosanitary measure to control this pest in rice crop areas.

Population and Effect of Rice Root Knot Nematode in Diseased and Healthy Looking Rice Plants and Their Distribution in Rice Field

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sharma-Poudyal ◽  
R.R. Pokharel ◽  
S.M. Shrestha ◽  
G.B. Khatri-Chhetri
Keyword(s):  
Rice Field ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Diseased Root

A field survey was carried out to discover the population of M. graminicola in diseased and healthy looking rice plants and its impact on yield and yield attributing characters of rice during 2000 in Chitwan, Nepal. Root and soil samples were collected from ten upland rice fields. Modified Baermann Tray Method was used to extract the juveniles (J2) from soil and root samples. The survey revealed that the diseased root samples had the highest Meloidogyne graminicola J2 population. However, the nematode population in root and soil and root knot intensities did not differ significantly between diseases and healthy looking plants. Diseased rice plants had lower number of total and effective tillers, filled grains per panicle and grain yield. Yield reduction in diseased plants was 40.5% as compared to healthy plants in the variety 'Masuli' M. graminicola, even if a new pathogen, seems to be already established in sandy loam to loamy sand soil and reducing rice yield considerably in Nepal. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 23:9-14.

The effect of organic compost of Caryocar brasiliense waste against Meloidogyne javanica in two vegetable crops

Nematology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fabíola de J. Silva ◽  
Regina C.F. Ribeiro ◽  
Adelica A. Xavier ◽  
Vanessa A. Gomes ◽  
Paulo V.M. Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Control ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Caryocar Brasiliense ◽  
Organic Compost

Summary Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are responsible for various significant crop losses, which require taking integrated control measures. The present study aimed to identify a possible sustainable approach to the management of Meloidogyne javanica in vegetable crops using an organic compound based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) fruit residues. A pot experiment was conducted using cultivars of tomato and lettuce susceptible to M. javanica, with three amendments including inorganic fertiliser, cattle manure and five doses of organic compost with pequi residues. All treatments were inoculated with second-stage juveniles of M. javanica to simulate the root-knot nematode disease in field conditions. Increasing doses of organic compost with pequi residues from 5 kg m−3 to 30 kg m−3 promoted a significant decrease in the nematode population in both cultures evaluated. Organic compost (30 kg m−3) reduced the numbers of galls and eggs of M. javanica by 41.6 and 46.5% in tomato roots, and by 80.3 and 59.2% in lettuce roots, respectively, compared with non-treated control. Organic compost also increased crop development considerably. In general, there was a 43.0% increase in plant development compared to non-treated control. Hence, organic compost of pequi residues could be an alternative to toxic chemical nematicides and recommended as eco-friendly management of M. javanica in vegetable crops.

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