Differential feeding site development and reproductive fitness of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica on zucchini, a source of resistance to M. incognita

Nematology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Talavera-Rubia ◽  
Alejandro Pérez De Luque ◽  
Manuel López-Gómez ◽  
Soledad Verdejo-Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Juvenile Development

The development of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica on zucchini ‘Amalthee’ was compared to characterise critical events in plant parasitism. Meloidogyne incognita was much less successful parasitising zucchini than M. javanica despite similarities in penetration rates and juvenile development. The increased frequency of undersized individuals, immature females and empty galls evidenced a failure in M. incognita development. Meloidogyne incognita induced larger feeding sites that contained more and larger giant cells than did M. javanica. Malformation of the M. incognita giant cells and abnormal growth of the surrounding tissues was observed at both 11 and 25 days post-inoculation. Critical events in parasitism differentiating the nematode isolates were the transition from fourth-stage juveniles to females, and the reduced fertility of the egg-laying females. Zucchini can be considered a source of resistance to M. incognita because it restricted nematode proliferation by supporting less fertile egg-laying females and producing fewer egg masses and total eggs.

scholarly journals Local and Systemic Induced Resistance to the Root-Knot Nematode in Tomato by DL-β-Amino-n-Butyric Acid

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 1138-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Oka ◽  
Yigal Cohen ◽  
Yitzhak Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Chemical Inducers ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Tomato Roots

Chemical inducers of pathogenesis-related proteins and plant resistance were applied to tomato plants, with the aim of inducing resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Relative to control plants, foliar spray and soil-drenching with dl-β-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) reduced root-galling 7 days after inoculation, as well as the number of eggs 30 days after inoculation. Other chemicals (α- and γ-amino-n-butyric acid, jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid) were either phytotoxic to tomato plants or did not improve control of root-knot nematodes. Fewer second-stage juveniles invaded BABA-treated tomato roots, and root-galling indices were lower than in control tomato plants. Resistance phenomena in seedlings lasted at least 5 days after spraying with BABA. Nematodes invading the roots of BABA-treated seedlings induced small, vacuolate giant cells. Postinfection treatment of tomato plants with BABA inhibited nematode development. It is speculated that after BABA application tomato roots become less attractive to root-knot nematodes, physically harder to invade, or some substance(s) inhibiting nematode or nematode feeding-site development is produced in roots.

scholarly journals Nondestructive Imaging of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Development and Host Response to Nematode Pathogenesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong T. Y. Dinh ◽  
Michael Knoblauch ◽  
Axel A. Elling
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cells ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Nondestructive Imaging

The secluded lifestyle of endoparasitic plant nematodes hampers progress toward a comprehensive understanding of plant–nematode interactions. A novel technique that enables nondestructive, long-term observations of a wide range of live nematodes in planta is presented here. As proof of principle, Pratylenchus penetrans, Heterodera schachtii, and Meloidogyne chitwoodi were labeled fluorescently with PKH26 and used to infect Arabidopsis thaliana grown in microscopy rhizosphere chambers. Nematode behavior, development, and morphology were observed for the full duration of each parasite's life cycle by confocal microscopy for up to 27 days after inoculation. PKH26 accumulated in intestinal lipid droplets and had no negative effect on nematode infectivity. This technique enabled visualization of Meloidogyne gall formation, nematode oogenesis, and nematode morphological features, such as the metacorpus, vulva, spicules, and cuticle. Additionally, microscopy rhizosphere chambers were used to characterize plant organelle dynamics during M. chitwoodi infection. Peroxisome abundance strongly increased in early giant cells but showed a marked decrease at later stages of feeding site development, which suggests a modulation of plant peroxisomes by root-knot nematodes during the infection process. Taken together, this technique facilitates studies aimed at deciphering plant–nematode interactions at the cellular and subcellular level and enables unprecedented insights into nematode behavior in planta.

scholarly journals Cell Wall Modifications in Giant Cells Induced by the Plant Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Wild-Type (Col-0) and the fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana Katanin Mutant

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christianna Meidani ◽  
Nikoletta G. Ntalli ◽  
Eleni Giannoutsou ◽  
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Feeding Site

Meloidogyne incognita is a root knot nematode (RKN) species which is among the most notoriously unmanageable crop pests with a wide host range. It inhabits plants and induces unique feeding site structures within host roots, known as giant cells (GCs). The cell walls of the GCs undergo the process of both thickening and loosening to allow expansion and finally support nutrient uptake by the nematode. In this study, a comparative in situ analysis of cell wall polysaccharides in the GCs of wild-type Col-0 and the microtubule-defective fra2 katanin mutant, both infected with M. incognita has been carried out. The fra2 mutant had an increased infection rate. Moreover, fra2 roots exhibited a differential pectin and hemicellulose distribution when compared to Col-0 probably mirroring the fra2 root developmental defects. Features of fra2 GC walls include the presence of high-esterified pectic homogalacturonan and pectic arabinan, possibly to compensate for the reduced levels of callose, which was omnipresent in GCs of Col-0. Katanin severing of microtubules seems important in plant defense against M. incognita, with the nematode, however, to be nonchalant about this “katanin deficiency” and eventually induce the necessary GC cell wall modifications to establish a feeding site.

Lesions of the Enamel Organ of Developing Dog Teeth following Experimental Inoculation of Gnotobiotic Puppies with Canine Distemper Virus

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Dubielzig ◽  
R. J. Higgins ◽  
S. Krakowka
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Enamel Organ ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Enamel Epithelium ◽  
Viral Inclusions ◽  
Reduced Enamel Epithelium ◽  
Multinucleate Giant Cells

Ten 7-day-old gnotobiotic Beagle puppies were inoculated intraperitoneally with virulent canine distemper virus (R252-CDV). The dogs were killed and perfused with paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde from eight to 36 days after inoculation. The developing teeth of the mandibles were examined by light microscopy, and the teeth from three dogs were examined by electron microscopy. Necrosis of individual cells in the stratum intermedium of the developing tooth was the first change, detectable at day 9 post-inoculation. At day 16 post-inoculation, there was disorganization of the ameloblasts. In the stratum intermedium, multinucleate giant cells and large eosinophilic cytoplasmic viral inclusions were prominent. Ultrastructurally, these inclusions consisted of clusters of tubular aggregates typical of canine distemper virus nucleocapsids. At 28 to 36 days post-inoculation, the changes were seen in the reduced enamel epithelium. Multinucleate cells were seen, but no inclusions. Some necrotic cells were seen. In these teeth, ameloblastic cells of the root were morphologically normal. Our results suggest that distemper virus affects developing teeth by direct infection of the enamel organ.

scholarly journals The Amino Acid Permeases AAP3 and AAP6 Are Involved in Root-Knot Nematode Parasitism of Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather H. Marella ◽  
Erik Nielsen ◽  
Daniel P. Schachtman ◽  
Christopher G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Nematode Parasitism ◽  
Amino Acid Permeases

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is an obligate parasite which depends entirely on the host plant for its nutrition. Root-knot nematodes induce the formation of a highly specialized feeding site consisting of several giant cells surrounded by a network of vascular tissues. Nutrients, including amino acids and sugars, are transferred apoplastically from the vascular tissues to the feeding site. Using Arabidopsis thaliana lacking the vascular-expressed amino acid permeases (AAP) AAP3 or AAP6, we demonstrate that disruption of amino acid transport can affect nematode parasitism. Nematode infestation levels are significantly reduced on the aap3 and aap6 mutants. AAP3 and AAP6 act distinctly in the transport of amino acids to the feeding site, as demonstrated by differences in their carrying capacity profiles. Furthermore, analyses of promoter: β-glucuronidase lines show different expression patterns for AAP3 and AAP6 in infected roots. In the aap3-3 mutant, part of the decrease in infestation is connected to a defect in early infection, where juveniles enter but then leave the root. Both aap3-3 and aap6-1 produce fewer females and produce more adult male nematodes. Additionally, detrimental effects are observed in the nematodes harvested from aap3-3 and aap6-1 mutants, including decreased egg hatching and infectivity and lower levels of lipid reserves. The transport of amino acids by AAP3 and AAP6 is important for nematode infection and success of the progeny.

scholarly journals Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and its management: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Sudeep Subedi ◽  
Bihani Thapa ◽  
Jiban Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Growth Quality

Root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita stands out among the most harmful polyphagous endoparasite causing serious harm to plants, and distributed all over the globe. RKN causes reduced growth, quality and yield along with reduced resistance of the host against biotic and abiotic stresses. Infective second stage juvenile enters host roots with the help of the stylet and becomes sedentary getting into the vascular cylinder. Dramatic changes occur in host cells, making a specialized feeding site, induced by the secretion of effector protein by RKN. M. incognita can be controlled by nematicides, biocontrol agents, botanicals essential oils and growing resistant cultivars. Nematicides are no longer allowed to use in many parts of the world because of environmental hazards and toxicity to humans and other organisms. Researchers are concentrating on searching suitable alternatives to nematicides for effective management of M. incognita. This review mainly tries to explain the biology of M. incognita and different management options recommended in recent years. However, an effective and economical management of M. incognita remains an immense challenge.

scholarly journals A role forLATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16during the interaction Arabidopsis-Meloidogynespp. provides a molecular link between lateral root and root-knot nematode feeding site development

2014 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 632-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Cabrera ◽  
Fernando E. Díaz-Manzano ◽  
María Sanchez ◽  
Marie-Noëlle Rosso ◽  
Teresa Melillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Organ Boundaries

scholarly journals Inoculation of BALB/c mice with Lacazia loboi

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 239-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana MADEIRA ◽  
Diltor Vladimir Araújo OPROMOLLA ◽  
Andréa de Faria Fernandes BELONE
Keyword(s):  
Disease Patient ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Therapeutic Evaluation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hind Foot ◽  
Lacazia Loboi ◽  
One Year ◽  
Lacazia Loboï ◽  
Fungal Suspension

In a previous study, the authors inoculated Swiss mice with Lacazia loboi (L. loboi) and succeeded in maintaining a granulomatous infiltrate and viable fungal cells up to one year and six months after inoculation. Considering the experimental work on paracoccidioidomycosis, 0.03 ml of a fungal suspension obtained from a biopsy of a Jorge Lobo's Disease patient were inoculated into both hind foot pads of 32 six week-old BALB/c mice of both sexes. The animals were sacrificed 1, 4, 7 and 10 months post inoculation. The suspension contained 1.3 x 10(6) fungi/ml and presented 38% viability. Seven months after inoculation, most of the animals presented profuse infiltrates consisting of isolated histiocytes, foreign body and Langhans' giant cells and a large number of fungi, most of them viable. Emergence of macroscopic lesions was observed during the 8th month. Based on fungal count, viability index before and after inoculation, presence of macroscopic lesions and histopathological findings similar to the findings in humans, the authors believe that BALB/c mice may be a good experimental model to study Jorge Lobo's Disease, mainly regarding therapeutic evaluation.

Concentration of β-ecydisone (20E) in susceptible and resistant accessions of Pfaffia glomerata infected with Meloidogyne incognita and histological characterisation of resistance

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina M.M. Gomes ◽  
Michel Nicole ◽  
Jean Kleber Mattos ◽  
Sarazete Izidia Vaz Pereira ◽  
Paulo Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Pfaffia Glomerata

Abstract Pfaffia glomerata is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Brazil, which is considered the world's greatest supplier of P. glomerata roots. Among active ingredients contained in this plant, the steroid β-ecydisone (20E) is the most important compound extracted from roots. This steroid presents therapeutic properties for the treatment of diabetes and haemorrhoids, besides having bioenergy, tonic and aphrodisiac effects. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. is a major limiting factor in root production. Recent studies showed resistance of accessions of P. glomerata to Meloidogyne incognita. The aims of this work were: i) to correlate the concentration of 20E with resistance and susceptibility of P. glomerata accessions to M. incognita in inoculated and non-inoculated plants; ii) to study the effect of the parasitism of M. incognita on the concentration of the steroid 20E in the roots; and iii) to clarify resistance mechanisms by comparing the response of a highly resistant UFV with a highly susceptible accession (Farm) to nematode infection. The concentration of 20E in the healthy susceptible Farm accession was significantly higher than in the healthy resistant UFV accession, showing that the resistance mechanism was not related to 20E concentrations. Plants of the Farm accession infected with M. incognita showed higher levels of 20E than the non-infected control. A positive and significant Pearson correlation coefficient was observed between 20E concentrations and gall indexes. Resistance of UFV to the root-knot nematode M. incognita was associated with unidentified factors that limited nematode penetration or emigration of second-stage juveniles and with post-penetration responses, including the hypersensitive response. Giant cells were sometimes found in the resistant cultivar, but displayed a highly vacuolated and degraded cytoplasm with thinner cell walls than those induced in the susceptible accession. Microscope observations under UV light showed a strong autofluorescence, suggesting that phenolic compounds may be involved in ginseng UFV resistance.

scholarly journals Root-Knot Nematode Parasitism Suppresses Host RNA Silencing

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Walsh ◽  
J. M. Elmore ◽  
C. G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Nematode Parasitism ◽  
Silencing Pathways ◽  
Plant Pathosystems ◽  
Viral Suppressors

Root-knot nematodes damage crops around the world by developing complex feeding sites from normal root cells of their hosts. The ability to initiate and maintain this feeding site (composed of individual “giant cells”) is essential to their parasitism process. RNA silencing pathways in plants serve a diverse set of functions, from directing growth and development to defending against invading pathogens. Influencing a host’s RNA silencing pathways as a pathogenicity strategy has been well-documented for viral plant pathogens, but recently, it has become clear that silencing pathways also play an important role in other plant pathosystems. To determine if RNA silencing pathways play a role in nematode parasitism, we tested the susceptibility of plants that express a viral suppressor of RNA silencing. We observed an increase in susceptibility to nematode parasitism in plants expressing viral suppressors of RNA silencing. Results from studies utilizing a silenced reporter gene suggest that active suppression of RNA silencing pathways may be occurring during nematode parasitism. With these studies, we provide further evidence to the growing body of plant-biotic interaction research that suppression of RNA silencing is important in the successful interaction between a plant-parasitic animal and its host.

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