Abstract
Study question
What is the contribution of the common genetic variation to the development of unexplained male infertility due to severe spermatogenic failure (SPGF)?
Summary answer
Genetic polymorphisms of key immune and spermatogenesis loci are involved in the etiology of the most severe SPGF cases, defined by Sertoli cell-only (SCO) phenotype.
What is known already
Male infertility is a rising worldwide concern that affects millions of couples. Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and severe oligospermia (SO) are two extreme manifestations characterized by SPGF. A genetic cause can be established in only around 20% of affected men, with the remaining cases being classified as otherwise unexplained. To date, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) strategy, although already successfully applied in several other complex traits and diseases, was less fruitful in studies that attempted to decipher the genetic component of unexplained SPGF, mainly due to both a lack of well-powered samples in different ancestries and limitations in study design.
Study design, size, duration
We designed a GWAS for unexplained male infertility due to SPGF including a total of 1,274 affected cases and 1,951 fertile controls from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and Germany. Different biostatistics and bioinformatics approaches were used to evaluate the possible effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the whole genome in the susceptibility to specific subtypes of unexplained SPGF.
Participants/materials, setting, methods
The case cohort comprised 502 SO and 772 NOA patients, who were subdivided according to histological phenotypes (SCO, maturation arrest, and hypospermatogenesis) and the outcome of testicular sperm extraction techniques (TESE) from testis biopsies. Genotyping was performed with the GSA platform (Illumina). After quality-control and genotype imputation, 6,539,982 SNPs remained for the analysis, which was performed by logistic regression models. The datasets went through a meta-analysis by the inverse variance weighted method under fixed effects.
Main results and the role of chance
Genetic associations with SCO at the genome-wide-level of significance were identified in the major histocompatibility (MHC) class II region (rs1136759, OR = 1.80, P = 1.32E-08) and in a regulatory region of chromosome 14 nearby the vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) gene (rs115054029, OR = 3.14, P = 4.37-08). VRK1 is a relevant proliferative factor for spermatogenesis that causes progressive loss of spermatogonia when disrupted in mouse models. The role of the MHC system in SCO susceptibility was comprehensively evaluated through a validated imputation method that infers classical MHC alleles and polymorphic amino acid positions. A serine at position 13 of the HLA-DRβ1 protein (defined by the risk allele of the lead variant rs1136759) explained most of the SCO association signals within the MHC class II region. This residue is located in the binding pocket of the HLA-DR molecule and interacts directly with the presented antigen. Interestingly, position 13 of HLA-DRβ1 is the most relevant risk amino acid position for a wide spectrum of immune-mediated disorders. The HLA-DRB1*13 haplotype (which includes the serine at position 13 and represents the strongest NOA-associated marker in Asians to date) was the strongest signal amongst the classical MHC alleles in our study cohort (OR = 1.93, P = 9.90E-07).
Limitations, reasons for caution
Although the statistical power for the overall analysis was appropriate, the subphenotype analyses performed had considerably lower counts, which may influence the identification of genetic variants conferring low to moderate risk effects. Independent studies in larger SCO study cohorts should be performed to confirm our findings.
Wider implications of the findings
The molecular mechanisms underlying unexplained SPGF are largely unknown. Our data suggest a relevant role of common genetic variation in the development of SCO, the most extreme histological phenotype of NOA. SCO is characterized by the loss of germ cells and, therefore, implies a considerably higher probability of unsuccessful TESE.
Trial registration number
N/A
Genome-Wide Association Study in Wheat Identifies Resistance to the Cereal Cyst Nematode Heterodera filipjevi
