II. Caspian Energy: Oil and Gas Resources and the Global Market

AbstractThis article develops several concepts of critical geopolitics and relates them to the energy resources of the Caspian Region. Energy resources beyond borders may be accessed by trade, respectively by conquest, domination and changing property rights. These are the survival strategies of human groups in the international system. The article differentiates between demand-induced scarcity, supply-induced scarcity, structural scarcity and the creation, respectively, transfer of property rights. Together, the behaviors referred to by these concepts create a field of social forces that cross state borders involving state and a variety of non-state actors. During World War II, the US began to separate the military borders of the country from its legal-territorial borders. By dominating the world's oceans, the Anglo-Saxon power presided over the capacity to induce scarcity by interdicting maritime supplies to allies and enemies alike. Today, overland transport increasingly connects economies and energy supplies on the Eurasian continent. The US has therefore to go on land in order to pre-empt the land-based powers from unifying their economies and energy supplies.

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Global Energy Security and Its Geopolitical Impediments—The Case of the Caspian Region

Perspectives on Global Development and Technology ◽

10.1163/156914907x207793 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 6 (1-3) ◽

pp. 365-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mehdi Parvizi Amineh ◽

Henk Houweling

Keyword(s):

Property Rights ◽

Energy Security ◽

Chinese Economy ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Survival Strategies ◽

Private Company ◽

Spare Capacity ◽

Home State ◽

The Us ◽

The Creation

AbstractThis article discusses the global geopolitics of energy security in the post-Cold War environment. Energy companies headquartered in western countries have long history of accessing energy resources beyond borders through invasion of the host by their home state, followed by domination and the creation of property rights to explore and sell oil. Conquest and domination, respectively voluntary exchange are the survival strategies of human groups in the global system. The article differentiates between demand-induced scarcity, supply-induced scarcity, structural scarcity, and the creation and transfer of property rights. Together, the behaviors referred to by these concepts create a field of social forces that cross state borders and involve state and non-state actors. Monopolizing control over energy resources by the Anglo-Saxon maritime powers was one of the causes of both world wars. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the US has been creating a land-based extension of its post-World War II defense perimeter. It runs from Romania, via Central Eurasia, to Israel, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Overland transport increasingly connects economies and energy supplies on the Central European and Pacific sides of the Eurasian continent. The US, therefore, has decided to bring under its military umbrella the energy-carrying region between industrializing China and India, recovering Russia and unifying Europe. China's policy to secure its energy supply by direct contracting with the home state and legal owner of the stock, brings it into confrontation with the US. The latter consumes one-quarter of the energy assumed to be present in the Greater Middle East. In recent decades, the Chinese economy has been growing at a rate substantially above the worldwide growth rate, which implies that China's share in the world economy is increasing over time. Accordingly, China is becoming more dependent on imports, especially energy. The US domestic oil production peaked in 1970-71. Thus, the US has no spare capacity to provide its allies in Europe and East Asia in case of an interruption of supply. The conquest of Iraq by the US and its allies, and the transfer of the management of the oil sector from the state to a US tax-paying private company opens a new era of violent interstate competition for access to and control of fossil energy sources.

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EXPLORING AND EXPLAINING THE ECONOMIC POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN IRAN AND THE SOVIET UNION IN THE SECOND PAHLAVI ERA EMPHASIZING THE SYSTEM THEORY

GÃªnero & Direito ◽

10.22478/ufpb.2179-7137.2020v9n2.50865 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kimia Zare ◽

Habibollah Saeeidinia

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Cold War ◽

Soviet Union ◽

International System ◽

World War ◽

Post Cold War ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Political Relations ◽

The Us ◽

The Cold War

Iran and Russia have common interests, especially in political terms, because of the common borders and territorial neighborhood. This has led to a specific sensitivity to how the two countries are approaching each other. Despite the importance of the two countries' relations, it is observed that in the history of the relations between Iran and Russia, various issues and issues have always been hindered by the close relations between the two countries. The beginning of Iran-Soviet relations during the Second Pahlavi era was accompanied by issues such as World War II and subsequent events. The relations between the two countries were influenced by the factors and system variables of the international system, such as the Cold War, the US-Soviet rivalry, the Second World War and the entry of the Allies into Iran, the deconstruction of the relations between the two post-Cold War superpowers, and so on.The main question of the current research is that the political relations between Iran and Russia influenced by the second Pahlavi period?To answer this question, the hypothesis was that Iran's political economic relations were fluctuating in the second Pahlavi era and influenced by the changing system theory of the international system with the Soviet Union. The findings suggest that various variables such as the structure of the international system and international events, including World War II, the arrival of controversial forces in Iran, the Cold War, the post-Cold War, the US and Soviet policies, and the variables such as the issue of oil Azerbaijan's autonomy, Tudeh's actions in Iran, the issue of fisheries and borders. Also, the policies adopted by Iranian politicians, including negative balance policy, positive nationalism and independent national policy, have affected Iran-Soviet relations. In a general conclusion, from 1320 (1942) to 1357 (1979), the relationship between Iran and Russia has been an upward trend towards peaceful coexistence. But expansion of further relations in the economic, technical and cultural fields has been political rather than political.

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Brothers in Arms?

10.1093/oso/9780195342659.003.0010 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 344-369

Author(s):

Thomas A. Guglielmo

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Native Americans ◽

Home Front ◽

Military Leaders ◽

Military Justice ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Us ◽

The One ◽

The Military ◽

Race War

Chapter 9 looks at what happened to the US military’s white-nonwhite lines as American troops moved overseas during World War II. Nonblack minorities faced both bright and blurry white-nonwhite lines when deployed abroad. At times, the military remained determined to uphold distinctions between whites, on the one hand, and Asian Americans, Latin Americans, and Native Americans, on the other. This determination, evident in everything from military justice proceedings to promotion patterns, stemmed primarily from long-standing civilian investments in these distinctions and in response to the vicious race war in the Pacific with Japan. At the same time, overseas service also witnessed the continued blurring of white-nonwhite lines—the transformation of “Mexicans,” “Puerto Ricans,” “Indians,” “Filipinos,” “Chinese,” and even “Japanese” into whites’ buddies and brothers, comrades and fellow Americans, deepening a process that had begun on the home front. While this overseas blurring often emanated from day-to-day battlefield bonding, it was America’s military leaders and commanders who largely made it possible. In doing so, they narrowed the white-nonwhite divide, but also deepened the black-white one in the process.

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John Useem and Governance Operations

Military Anthropology ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190680176.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 199-238

Author(s):

Montgomery McFate

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Social Order ◽

Small Island ◽

Military Government ◽

Us Military ◽

Successful Case ◽

The Us ◽

Us Navy ◽

Government Enterprise ◽

The Military

This chapter concerns the wartime civil affairs experience of John Useem, a US Navy officer who became the military governor of a small island in Micronesia. While the post-World War II, military government established in Germany and Japan are often offered as examples of successful governance operations, the partially successful case of Micronesia better exemplifies the paradoxes at the heart of the military government enterprise. These issues which plagued the US military government in Micronesia, and which John Useem wrote about in the 1940s and 1950s, were the exact same issues that have plagued the intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq more than a half century later. What happens when the policy of democratization is incompatible with the existing social order? What happens when American social norms conflict with the society they intend to govern? What happens when the core principle of military government non-interference cannot be implemented in practice and outright contradicts the imperatives of ‘nation building’?

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Edward M. Almond and the US Army

10.5810/kentucky/9780813177984.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Michael E. Lynch

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

World War Ii ◽

Japanese American ◽

World War ◽

Us Army ◽

Greatest Generation ◽

Virginia Military Institute ◽

The Us ◽

Military Institute ◽

The Military

This biography examines the long career of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, who was born to a family of modest means in rural Virginia. His early education at the Virginia Military Institute, steeped him in Confederate lore and nurtured his “can do” attitude, natural aggressiveness, demanding personality and sometimes self-serving nature. These qualities later earned him the sobriquet “Sic’em, Ned,” which stuck with him for the remainder of his career. Almond commanded the African-American 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. The division failed in combat and was re-organized, after which it contained one white, one black, and the Army’s only Japanese-American (Nisei) regiment. The years since that war have seen the glorification of the “Greatest Generation,” with all racist notions and ideas “whitewashed” with a veneer of honor. When war came to Korea, Almond commanded X Corps in the Inchon invasion, liberation of Seoul, race to the Yalu. When the Chinese entered the war and sent the US Army into retreat, Almond mounted one of the largest evacuations in history at Hungnam -- but not before the disaster at Chosin claimed the lives of hundreds of soldiers and marines. This book reveals Almond as a man who stubbornly held onto bigoted attitudes about race, but also exhibited an unfaltering commitment to the military profession. Often viewed as the “Army’s racist,” Almond reflected the attitudes of the Army and society. This book places Almond in a broader context and presents a more complete picture of this flawed man yet gifted officer.

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Science With a Vengeance: How the Military Created the US Space Sciences after World War II

American Journal of Physics ◽

10.1119/1.17426 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 61 (9) ◽

pp. 860-861

Author(s):

David H. DeVorkin ◽

Frank C. Jones

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

World War ◽

The Us ◽

Space Sciences ◽

The Military

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Energy and Culture, The Social Construction of the Myanmar-China Pipelines

10.26686/wgtn.17013086.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Jeremy Todd

Keyword(s):

Social Construction ◽

International Institutions ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Political Situation ◽

The Social ◽

Resource Ownership ◽

History Of ◽

The Military ◽

Shed Light

<p>Transnational oil and gas pipelines have a troublesome history of disagreements and disputes that in many cases have led to a cessation of supply. While geopolitics and weak international institutions are often pointed to as explanations, considering pipelines as social as well as material constructs can also shed light on why disputes emerge. This paper will consider the social construction of the Myanmar-China pipelines. In China, the pipelines are seen as the solution to China’s ‘Malacca dilemma’. In Myanmar, the changing political situation has allowed new actors to contest the military junta’s narrative of economic development and the pipelines have become a lightning rod for national conversations about local resource ownership, social and environmental norms and Chinese exploitation of Myanmar’s energy resources.</p>

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Colonial empires and USA policy in the South-East Asia after the 1945

Samara Journal of Science ◽

10.17816/snv202094207 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 252-255

Author(s):

Stanislav Gennadyevich Malkin ◽

Sergey Olegovich Buranok ◽

Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Nesterov

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

World War Ii ◽

Cold War ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

American Foreign Policy ◽

Policy Decision ◽

The United States ◽

The Us ◽

The Third World ◽

The Military

The following paper analyzes the characteristics of the US foreign policy decision-making process at the beginning of the Cold War, due to the active appeal of representatives of the political establishment, the military and the countrys expert community to the colonial experience of the European powers in terms of the prospects of applying their experience in ensuring colonial control in Southeast Asia before and after the end of the World War II as part of the US political course in this region. In addition, it is concluded that more attention should be paid to the role and, therefore, to the prosopographic profile of the experts (in the broad sense of the word), who collaborated with the departments responsible for the development of American foreign policy, such as the Department of State and the Pentagon, and formulated many of the conclusions, which, at least rhetorically, formed the basis of Washingtons course in Southeast Asia after 1945. Special attention is paid to interpretations of the role of colonial knowledge in the light of the unfolding Cold War in the third world, proposed by British diplomats and the military to their American colleagues in the logic of the special relations between Great Britain and the United States.

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The overview of the legal and institutional framework for oil and natural gas sector in Tanzania. A review

Journal of Applied and Advanced Research ◽

10.21839/jaar.2018.v1i1.127 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Obadia Kyetuza Bishoge ◽

Lingling Zhang ◽

Witness Gerald Mushi ◽

Shaldon Leparan Suntu

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Political Development ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Institutional Structure ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Institutional Framework ◽

Oil And Gas Resources ◽

Oil And Natural Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Sector

One of the essential tools for management of the sectors including the oil and gas sector is the legislative and institutional structure. This paper reviews the overview of the current legal and institutional framework for energy resources development, with weight on oil and gas resources and their critical significance to socio-economic and political development. It affords a comparative account of some new features and on-going trends of the activities conducted by the institutions for sustainable development of the oil and natural gas sector in Tanzania.

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