The Multiple Publics of a Transnational Activist: Abdürreşid İbrahim, Pan-Asianism, and the Creation of Islam in Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Brandenburg
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Missionary Zeal ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
The Creation

The Russian Muslim Abdürreşid İbrahim (1857-1944) was not only a successful journalist and reform-minded Islamic scholar. He was also a transnational activist who became influential in different local contexts, notably Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan. During his four-month stay in Japan in 1909, he cooperated with Japanese pan-Asianists and helped found the first pan-Asianist society, which focused on building ties between Japan and Asia’s Muslims. Researchers have predominantly regarded İbrahim as a pioneering figure in an emerging anti-Western coalition of pan-Islamists and pan-Asianists, or as a Muslim missionary aspiring to convert Japan to Islam. This article will demonstrate, however, that İbrahim’s pro-Japanese pan-Asianism, as well as his missionary zeal, should both be read as flexible stances in reaction to the expectations of different publics. An ostentatious pan-Asianism and the exaggeration of his missionary success equally served the transnational activist to attract attention and assert his importance in varying local contexts.


Pictorial Debates: The Tatar Satirical Journal Yalt-Yolt and Muslim Modernity Discourses, 1906-1917

Experiment ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-181
Author(s):  
Azade-Ayse Rorlich
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Russian Empire

Abstract The Great Reform era in Russia, as well as the modernist movements in the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim lands represent the background against which the Muslims of the Russian Empire engaged in the scrutiny of the reasons behind the backwardness of their societies and began advocating the compatibility of Islam with modernity. After 1906, the Muslim press became the most important instrument in the creation of the public sphere where issues of tradition and modernity were debated. This essay focuses on the Tatar satirical journal Yalt-Yolt to explore its contribution to the critique of the old Muslim mentalité, as well as its role as an instrument of modernity.

scholarly journals The Struggle for World Dominationand the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Ivan Parvev
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Compromise ◽  
The Creation

The proposed analysis evaluates Russian and British policies during the Great Eastern Crisis (1875-78), with bilateral relations being placed in the context of the global hostility between England and Russia lasting from 1815 onwards. In the period between the end of the Crimean War (1853-56) and early 1870s there were serious changes in the balance of power in Europe, which was related to the creation of the German Empire in 1871. The possibility of Russian-German geopolitical union however was a bad global scenario for the United Kingdom. Because of this, English policy during the Great Eastern Crisis was not that strongly opposed to the Russia one, and did not support the Ottoman Empire at all costs. This made it possible to establish political compromise between London and St. Petersburg, which eventually became the basis of the Congress of Berlin in 1878.

The Evolution of Grain Policy: The Ottoman Experience

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seven Ağir
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Price System ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Fixed Price ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
The Creation

Ottoman reformers' re-organization of the grain trade during the second half of the eighteenth century had two components—the creation of a centralized institution to supervise transactions and the replacement of the fixed price system with a more flexible one. These changes were not only a response to strains on the old system of provisioning, driven by new geopolitical conditions, but also a consequence of an increased willingness among the Ottoman elite to emulate the economic policies of successful rival states. Thus, the centralized bureaucracy and political economy of the Ottoman Empire at the time had remarkable parallels with those in such European states as France and Spain.

HOW MĪR CALĪ-ŠĪR NAVĀYĪ’S PERSIAN POETRY INFLUENCED THE POET-WARRIOR OTTOMAN SULTAN SELIM I (1512–1520)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Benedek Péri ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Xvith Century ◽  
Persian Poetry ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
The Creation

This article discusses the importance of Persian poetry in the work of Alisher Navoi and how much they were valued in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, it is noted that Sultan Boyazid I (1481-1512), under the influence of Navoi ghazals, ordered the creation of works in the style of poetic poetry. It is unclear whether these assumptions are based on explicit historical fact, but the author bases this assumption on the proximity of Ottoman poetry to Navoi's ghazals. The author analyzes the work of Navoi, studying the work of the Ottoman ruler Sultan Selim I. The reason for this is that he was a contemporary of Navoi, better known for his Persian poems in poetry, and, most importantly, in the first half of the XVIth century, the Ottoman literary critic Latīfī, a close a contemporary of the Sultan, admitted that Selim was inspired by the poetry of Navoi. Clarifies the issue under consideration. The author also interprets ideas in terms of couplets. Speaking about the activities of Sultan Selim I, it is said that most of his work was composed of poems, and most of them were answer poems. The author also notes new discoveries in science using Selim's Per-sian ghazals, edited by Paul Horn. The author's research confirms the similarity of couplets in the desired weight, as well as the fact that the size of seven-couplet verses in Navoi is five couplets in Selim's work, which gives the reader another novelty

Bulgarian Historical Writing on the Ottoman Empire

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 97-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Todorova
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The Creation

Bulgarian historiography began to professionalize itself after the creation of an independent Bulgarian state (de facto in 1878, de jure in 1908), and the foundation of scholarly institutions. Until then historical writing had been dominated by enthusiasts (clergymen, teachers, local dilettanti), passionately serving the ideas of cultural revival and political independence through historical knowledge. Thus, Bulgarian historiography at its inception was shaped both by its romantic predecessors, whose noble (and only) aim was to stir national consciousness and legitimize national aspirations, and by the influence of the positivist and romantic historiographies then prevalent in Europe.

The Bektashi Institutions in Southeastern Europe: Alternative Muslim Official Structures and their Limits

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Clayer
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Partial Structure ◽  
Novel Structure ◽  
Free Development ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractThere has always been a plurality of trends within Islam, to which Sufism also belonged. Within the Ottoman Empire, mystical groups remained among the uncentralized forms of Islam until the end of the 19 th century and the creation of an association of the dervish orders, which, however, provided only a very partial structure for them. In 20 th -century Balkans, the Bektashis, one of the major Sufi orders present in the region, secured an official and institutionalized structure in Albania from the beginning of the 1920s. After the collapse of the Communist regimes in Albania and Yugoslavia, which had put strong obstacles against the free development of religion (especially in Albania where it was banned in 1967), a Bektashi organization was reestablished in Tirana. The paper discusses the main normative features of this organization, called Komuniteti Bektashian. Kryegjyshata Botërore Bektashiane (“Bektashi Community. World Bektashi Grandfather”). Special reference is given to the changing power relations within the community caused by this novel structure (its members being often linked to other Albanian or foreign actors—Albanian politicians, Iranian Shi'i networks, Turkish Alevi networks, etc.). The article also examines the complex and disputed relationship of the Bektashi organization with the official Islamic religious institutions, its international, or rather pan-Albanian, dimension, and also its inner functioning which is not as centralized as it is supposed to be.

scholarly journals The Bulgarian-Macedonian poet, journalist and translator, Rayko Zhinzifov

2020 ◽  
pp. 272-277
Author(s):  
Marina M. Frolova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bulgarian People

The article highlights the life of the famous poet, translator, writer and publicist R. Zhinzifov (1839–77), whose work belongs equally to the cultural heritage of two modern states: Bulgaria and North Macedonia. The article draws attention to the relationship between Zhinzifov and members of the Moscow Slavic Charity Committee, P.I. Bartenev and I.S. Aksakov, reveals the reasons why Zhinzifov did not return to his homeland in the Ottoman Empire after studying at Moscow University, notes his contribution to the creation of literature during the period of the Bulgarian national revival and his contribution to the education of the Bulgarian people.

British Diplomacy and the League of Prizren, 1878–1880

2020 ◽  
pp. 245-254
Author(s):  
Noel Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
Principle Of Justice ◽  
British Policy ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Creation

The League of Prizren, an Albanian movement which began in 1878 as an initiative to resist the transfer of Albanian-inhabited territory from the Ottoman Empire to Montenegro but gradually acquired an ‘autonomist’ political programme, was one of the most important developments in modern Albanian history. This essay analyses the reports written about it by British diplomats in the region, and the British policy debates which drew on those reports or reacted against them. Challenging the assumption that the ‘men on the ground’ have the most accurate information, it shows how each of the two most relevant British officials, Consul St. John in Prizren and Consul Kirby Green in Shkodër, adopted particular political agendas: the former was heavily influenced by the Russian consul, while the latter followed the line of the Austro-Hungarian one. Other elements in the Foreign Office supported Greek interests; no one was directly supportive of Ottoman ones. Briefly, two senior figures, Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice and George Goschen (who was sent as Special Ambassador to Istanbul) did consider the interests of the Albanians themselves; Goschen argued that the creation of a united Albanian state would both satisfy a principle of justice and contribute to stability in the region. But this remained only an argument, not an official policy.

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