British Diplomacy and the League of Prizren, 1878–1880

2020 ◽  
pp. 245-254
Author(s):  
Noel Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
Principle Of Justice ◽  
British Policy ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Creation

The League of Prizren, an Albanian movement which began in 1878 as an initiative to resist the transfer of Albanian-inhabited territory from the Ottoman Empire to Montenegro but gradually acquired an ‘autonomist’ political programme, was one of the most important developments in modern Albanian history. This essay analyses the reports written about it by British diplomats in the region, and the British policy debates which drew on those reports or reacted against them. Challenging the assumption that the ‘men on the ground’ have the most accurate information, it shows how each of the two most relevant British officials, Consul St. John in Prizren and Consul Kirby Green in Shkodër, adopted particular political agendas: the former was heavily influenced by the Russian consul, while the latter followed the line of the Austro-Hungarian one. Other elements in the Foreign Office supported Greek interests; no one was directly supportive of Ottoman ones. Briefly, two senior figures, Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice and George Goschen (who was sent as Special Ambassador to Istanbul) did consider the interests of the Albanians themselves; Goschen argued that the creation of a united Albanian state would both satisfy a principle of justice and contribute to stability in the region. But this remained only an argument, not an official policy.

Pictorial Debates: The Tatar Satirical Journal Yalt-Yolt and Muslim Modernity Discourses, 1906-1917

Experiment ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-181
Author(s):  
Azade-Ayse Rorlich
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Russian Empire

Abstract The Great Reform era in Russia, as well as the modernist movements in the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim lands represent the background against which the Muslims of the Russian Empire engaged in the scrutiny of the reasons behind the backwardness of their societies and began advocating the compatibility of Islam with modernity. After 1906, the Muslim press became the most important instrument in the creation of the public sphere where issues of tradition and modernity were debated. This essay focuses on the Tatar satirical journal Yalt-Yolt to explore its contribution to the critique of the old Muslim mentalité, as well as its role as an instrument of modernity.

'The Summit is Dead. Long Live the European Council': Britain and the Question of Regular Leaders' Meetings in the European Community, 1973-1975

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Young
Keyword(s):  
European Community ◽  
International Organization ◽  
European Council ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
British Government ◽  
Community Membership ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
British Policy ◽  
The Creation

AbstractIn analysing British policy towards the creation of the European Council from 1973-1975, this article will argue that British leaders were supporters of the idea of regular summits regardless of party affiliation and that policy on this issue suggests that, in this area at least, British policy was consistent and positive about European Community membership. In so doing, the article will also show how the British government wrestled with the idea of how to make leaders-level meetings work most effectively — in terms of frequency, organization and atmosphere — as a means of doing business in an international organization. The result was the creation of a system of serial summits that helped the Community to escape the economic doldrums of the 1970s.

scholarly journals The Struggle for World Dominationand the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Ivan Parvev
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Compromise ◽  
The Creation

The proposed analysis evaluates Russian and British policies during the Great Eastern Crisis (1875-78), with bilateral relations being placed in the context of the global hostility between England and Russia lasting from 1815 onwards. In the period between the end of the Crimean War (1853-56) and early 1870s there were serious changes in the balance of power in Europe, which was related to the creation of the German Empire in 1871. The possibility of Russian-German geopolitical union however was a bad global scenario for the United Kingdom. Because of this, English policy during the Great Eastern Crisis was not that strongly opposed to the Russia one, and did not support the Ottoman Empire at all costs. This made it possible to establish political compromise between London and St. Petersburg, which eventually became the basis of the Congress of Berlin in 1878.

scholarly journals Devices for Continuous Recording of "Integral ECG" for Determining Vital Physiological Indicators of a Person's State and Their use in Bio Cybernetic Complexes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogatyrev Evgeniy ◽  
Kodkin Vladimir
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Continuous Recording ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Creation

One of the rapidly developing research areas is the creation of systems. which are commonly referred to as cyberphysical complexes. In such systems, devices and complexes interact with a completely different physical nature. The role of a person in such systems usually consists in the formation of final tasks for “artificial intelligence” and executive mechanisms. The functioning of actuators is controlled by accurate information systems.

The Evolution of Grain Policy: The Ottoman Experience

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seven Ağir
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Price System ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Fixed Price ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
The Creation

Ottoman reformers' re-organization of the grain trade during the second half of the eighteenth century had two components—the creation of a centralized institution to supervise transactions and the replacement of the fixed price system with a more flexible one. These changes were not only a response to strains on the old system of provisioning, driven by new geopolitical conditions, but also a consequence of an increased willingness among the Ottoman elite to emulate the economic policies of successful rival states. Thus, the centralized bureaucracy and political economy of the Ottoman Empire at the time had remarkable parallels with those in such European states as France and Spain.

HOW MĪR CALĪ-ŠĪR NAVĀYĪ’S PERSIAN POETRY INFLUENCED THE POET-WARRIOR OTTOMAN SULTAN SELIM I (1512–1520)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Benedek Péri ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Xvith Century ◽  
Persian Poetry ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
The Creation

This article discusses the importance of Persian poetry in the work of Alisher Navoi and how much they were valued in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, it is noted that Sultan Boyazid I (1481-1512), under the influence of Navoi ghazals, ordered the creation of works in the style of poetic poetry. It is unclear whether these assumptions are based on explicit historical fact, but the author bases this assumption on the proximity of Ottoman poetry to Navoi's ghazals. The author analyzes the work of Navoi, studying the work of the Ottoman ruler Sultan Selim I. The reason for this is that he was a contemporary of Navoi, better known for his Persian poems in poetry, and, most importantly, in the first half of the XVIth century, the Ottoman literary critic Latīfī, a close a contemporary of the Sultan, admitted that Selim was inspired by the poetry of Navoi. Clarifies the issue under consideration. The author also interprets ideas in terms of couplets. Speaking about the activities of Sultan Selim I, it is said that most of his work was composed of poems, and most of them were answer poems. The author also notes new discoveries in science using Selim's Per-sian ghazals, edited by Paul Horn. The author's research confirms the similarity of couplets in the desired weight, as well as the fact that the size of seven-couplet verses in Navoi is five couplets in Selim's work, which gives the reader another novelty

British Legal Strategies and the Abolition of the Slave Trade

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-111
Author(s):  
Inge Van Hulle
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
British Government ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Legal Strategies ◽  
Model Agreement

Chapter 2 connects abolitionist efforts to induce the British government to reinvigorate its efforts to suppress the transatlantic slave trade from the 1840s onwards as the catalyst for the creation of new legal tactics. First, within the confines of the Foreign Office, a model standard agreement was devised that was to be concluded with African rulers, which furthered an agenda based on the idea of replacing the slave trade with ‘legitimate commerce’. The model agreement built on an existing tradition of including abolition clauses in treaties since the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Second, the implementation of the model agreement ran parallel to the increase in commercial power and the use of force to suppress the slave trade through the use of naval blockades and the bombardment of the coastline of West Africa.

The Manchuria Bridgehead: Anglo-Russian Rivalry and the Imperial Railways of North China, 1897—1902

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-64
Author(s):  
Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
North China ◽  
Open Door ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
British Trade ◽  
British Policy ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Government ◽  
Chinese Empire

The Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 committed Great Britain to the defense of Manchuria, an area of the Chinese Empire which the Foreign Office and Cabinet never had considered to be vital to Britain's strategic or commercial interests. In the years preceding the alliance, British policy in Manchuria was weak and indecisive. The government consistently refused to run the risk of war and was genuinely concerned about the unacceptable level of tension generated by half-hearted attempts to maintain some semblance of the open door. Successive attempts to negotiate a diplomatic settlement that would provide a degree of protection for British trade while acknowledging Russia's special political and economic rights were wrecked by the uncompromising views of Sergie Witte. Under these circumstances, it was only natural that Britain should give serious thought to abandoning Manchuria.

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