A Behind-the-Scenes Glimpse into the Princeps Edition of Colóquios dos simples (Goa, 1563)

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 232-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Nobre de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Wide Dissemination

Considered by many to be the most learned Portuguese physician who lived in Goa during the sixteenth century, Garcia de Orta (c. 1500–1568) was the author of Colóquios dos Simples, e Drogas he cousas mediçinais da India [Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India] (Goa, 1563). Devoted entirely to the description of Asian natural resources, very little is known about how this treatise came into existence. Published at the edges of the Portuguese empire, and a hostage to technical, structural and human constraints, the princeps edition had a limited circulation. The diffusion around Europe of the novelties described in Colóquios dos Simples owed in part to the efforts of Clusius (1526–1609), one of the leading botanists of the time. This scholar promptly published Aromatum et Simplicium (Antwerp, 1567), a Latin epitome of Colóquios dos Simples. This complete reframing of Orta’s treatise guaranteed the wide dissemination of the new knowledge about Asian plants, fruits and drugs validated by the Portuguese physician on the periphery of the empire.
In this essay I analyse the background to the publication of the Portuguese treatise and demonstrate that, especially due to structural constraints, the princeps edition had a limited circulation. I show that the wide diffusion of the novelties about the natural resources of the Indies was dependent on the technical equipment, artistic skills and editorial criteria dictated and managed by European academics, artists and printers. I propose that the appropriation of local knowledge collected and validated in the Iberian Empires by imperial agents challenged European academics and typographers to create innovative treatises about the Indies’ natural resources that assured the widespread circulation of an entirely new natural knowledge.


Violence, Competition, and Exchange in the Early Colonial Era

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-74
Author(s):  
Cameron B. Strang
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
New Knowledge

This chapter examines natural knowledge among natives and newcomers from the 1500s to the mid-1700s. It suggests that European-Indian encounters generated new knowledge, patronage relationships, and webs of exchange that affected intellectual life among both groups. The chapter includes sections on conquistadors in sixteenth-century Florida, patronage networks in Florida’s mission communities, cartography and the Indian slave trade, and the networks through which Europeans and Indians exchanged specimens and commodities. In short, Europeans and natives valued knowledge and the experts who produced it as sources of power and, from the 1500s through the 1700s, learned about their mutually new world during encounters involving violence, geopolitical competition, and exchange.

scholarly journals The Natural Frontiers of a Global Empire: The Pineapple—Ananas comosus—In Portuguese Sources of the 16th Century

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Teresa Nobre de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
New Business ◽  
African Plants ◽  
Wide Dissemination

The great oceanic voyages had unexpected consequences on the pace with which plants moved between the most far-removed corners of the globe. From the mid-sixteenth century onwards, the huge distances covered led to an unprecedented change in the distribution of vegetable species. Settlers and voyagers took European plants with them and introduced them into the Americas, Africa, and Asia. African plants were transferred to America and Asia, and Asian species were dispersed across all continents. These biological transferences led to global changes in people’s dietary habits and therapeutic practices, as well as giving rise to new business opportunities and previously untested ways of exploiting the land. Originally from Brazil, the pineapple—Ananas comosus—made a great impression on those who came across it. Refusing to take root in the cold European latitudes, the fruit crossed the Atlantic Ocean aboard Portuguese ships in search of other territories with an adequate climate. In this essay, I will analyze the references to pineapple in the chronicles, botanical texts, and missionaries’ letters in circulation in the 1500s. I will examine the cultural context that permitted the diffusion of this botanical species and follow the oceanic routes traced by this exotic plant that allowed the wide dissemination of the fruit throughout the Portuguese empire.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PERSEPSI KEARIFAN LOKAL DENGAN SIKAP KONSERVASI MASYARAKAT DESA LENCOH KECAMATAN SELO DI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG MERAPI

Biosfer ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Ernawati Ernawati ◽  
Eka Putri Azrai ◽  
Sri Supardi Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
National Park ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ◽  
Village People

Local wisdom refers to ideas and local knowledge which are wise, full of wisdom, good and virtuous beliefs that made, owned, also carried out by local people in that area. People of Lencoh village are applying local wisdom filled with Javanese culture in order to interact with the environment and use natural resources. This study aims to determine the correlation between perception of local wisdom and conservation attitude of Lencoh village people in Mount Merapi National Park. The study was conducted in Lencoh village, Selo sub-district in January 2016. The method used is the descriptive methods with correlational study. There are 95 respondents from the three hamlets. The data is using questionnaires and interviews. The results showed 56,84% and 43,16% of respondents have a enough and high local wisdom perception, and 8,42% and 91,58% of respondents have a enough and good conservation attitude. Hypothesis is tested using simple linear regression analysis, obtained Y = 47.262 + 0.703X and Pearson Product Moment Correlation test at α = 0.01, obtained rxy = 0.678 indicates a strong correlation between local wisdom perception and conservation attitude of a Lencoh village people. The results of this research prove there is a positive correlation between local wisdom perception and conservation attitude of Lencoh village people on Mount Merapi National Park.

Who Owns the Fish in the Sea?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Rahn Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Thunnus Thynnus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Spain

From the fourteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, the ducal house of Medina Sidonia held exclusive rights to fish for Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in south-western Spain. Framed by recent theories about the privatization of access to natural resources, this essay explores the history of successive royal grants to the house of Medina Sidonia. It then examines statistical evidence for the tuna catch over the long term, especially in the late sixteenth century, when the annual catch reached a peak and then suddenly declined. The ducal house may have contributed to that decline by overfishing. During the long term, however, ducal control may unintentionally have aided in the conservation of tuna stocks in times of population pressure, both by not fully exploiting their exclusive rights to fish, and by preventing all others from doing so.

scholarly journals Knowledge transfer and management among Malay traditional massage practitioners in the north of Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 05005
Author(s):  
Norizan Esa ◽  
Salasiah Che Lah ◽  
Sakiinah Mahamad Hakimi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Traditional Healing ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual

Local knowledge is knowledge transferred across generations by individuals or community through experience in the environment they live in. This includes the knowledge and practices that are still practiced by a community or individual. Apart from trust, the willingness and capacity to share what they know and use what they learn plays an important role for local knowledge to be transferred and managed. In Malaysia, traditional Malay massage is a form of traditional healing among the Malay society that was recorded since the 19th century through Kitab Tib manuscript. This form of healing uses natural resources, wafak (letters, numerals and diagrams), Quranic verses and doa (prayers and supplications) in the healing practice. This paper attempts to explore on how the knowledge is passed down from expert to apprentice. This study involves interviews and observation on selected Malay traditional massage practitioners. In conclusion, knowledge transfer among Malay traditional massage practitioners only happens when there is trust trust. Knowledge is passed down within their family members and learned from observation and experience. The traditional Malay massage remains only within the individual or a limited number within the family community rather than the community as a whole.

scholarly journals Improving innovation as a factor in influencing the sustainable development of society

2020 ◽  
Vol 311 ◽  
pp. 02015
Author(s):  
Sergey Efimushkin ◽  
Anna Efimushkina
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Organizational Transformation ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Science And Technology Parks ◽  
New Business

The article, on the basis of domestic and foreign experience, the problems of possible limitations in the short term, natural resources, as well as the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of the solution of global problems of natural resources and sustainable development of society by improving innovation, creating natural-like technology, the convergence of technological innovation, organizational transformation and designing new business models. The examples of the development of innovative technologies, the creation of technical equipment and their practical use in the interaction of universities and industrial enterprises are considered. The possibilities of increasing synergies through the use of business incubators, science and technology parks, technology clusters as well as partnerships between universities and industrial enterprises are considered. The foreign experience and successful domestic experience of innovative activity of the regions confirming the prospects of creating innovative territories of priority development using the integration of scientific, educational and industrialentrepreneurial activities of various forms of organization and support of innovative activities are presented. The analysis of the competencies and characteristics of an engineer-entrepreneur necessary for successful work in the modern conditions of an innovative economy is carried out, as well as recommendations for the successful formation of the required competencies and characteristics.

Portuguese Diplomacy in Asia in the Sixteenth Century: A Preliminary Overview

Itinerario ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-37
Author(s):  
Zoltán Biedermann
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
Portuguese Empire

Scattered as it was over thousands of miles of African and Asian coastline, the Portuguese empire in the East had a peculiar shape when compared to the Spanish one in the New World. As one author of the early seventeenth century put it, ‘the king our lord does not have more than twenty leagues of land in all Asia, from Macao to the Cape of Good Hope’. Portugal was a small country with a population of one and a half million people, and it is no surprise that the Portuguese presence in Asia - a ‘network’ rather than an ‘empire’, as some authors claim - had to rely heavily on diplomacy. The wholesale ‘conquest’ (conquista) of the East was perceived as a theoretical right of the Portuguese crown, but in practice most relations with Eastern polities rested on a complex set of negotiated links of ‘friendship’ (amizade) or indirect submission (uassalagem).

Indigenous Technologies in the 1577 Relaciones geográficas of New Spain: Collective Land Memory, Natural Resources, and Herbal Medicine

Ethnohistory ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-487
Author(s):  
Kelly S. McDonough
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Indigenous Knowledges

Abstract This essay applies the analytic category of technologies proposed by historian Marcy Norton as complex systems of knowledges, practices, and products generated in specific social contexts to a study of the sixteenth-century bureaucratic surveys known as the Relaciones geográficas (RG) manuscripts. As a methodological intervention, the principal aim is to draw out the relatively understudied Indigenous knowledges and practices found throughout the corpus. The first section of the essay outlines the conceptual framework of technologies and contextualizes the RG survey and response processes. The remainder of the essay discusses Indigenous technologies including collective land memory, natural resources, and herbal medicines recorded in the Archdiocese of Mexico corpus of RGs (appendix), thirty-one manuscripts in total.

scholarly journals Pengembangan STEM-A (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematic and Animation) Berbasis Kearifan Lokal dalam Pembelajaran Fisika

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indri Sari Utami ◽  
Rahmat Firman Septiyanto ◽  
Firmanul Catur Wibowo ◽  
Anang Suryana
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Engineering Mathematics ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Learning physics is still traditional in the reality. It tends to be centered in Teachers. They only transfer knowledge without knowing the learners already understand the concept yet or not. The average achievement understanding of physics concept results is still low. Rapidly evolving technology is still rarely used by teachers. Though, this could be one of the alternatives to make learning more interesting and memorable. Connecting the local knowledge in the area of learners, can make students more familiar with the natural resources in the region and can be introduced to the outside world. Given these problems, the need for integration between models, evaluation and learning media STEM-A (Sciences, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Animation) based on local wisdom. The methods used was a Quasi-Experiment with the design of the study "One Group Pretest-Posttest Design". Observations indicate an increased understanding of the student concept after learning applied STEM-A (Sciences, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Animation) based on local wisdom with medium category in gain normalization. By learning this concept, students could be aware of local wisdom "Batu Kuwung" and understand how to get advantage from it. The results of the study will continue to be developed in the courses in the Department of Physical Education University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa.Pembelajaran fisika yang terjadi di lapangan masih minim inovasi. Pembelajaran cenderung berpusat pada pendidik. Pendidik hanya mentransfer pengetahuannya saja tanpa memikirkan apakah peserta didik sudah memahami konsep yang disampaikan atau belum. Rata-rata capaian hasil pemahaman konsep Fisika masih rendah. Teknologi yang berkembang pesat saat ini masih jarang dimanfaatkan oleh para pendidik. Padahal ini bisa menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk membuat pembelajaran lebih menarik dan berkesan. Dengan mengaitkan kearifan lokal yang ada di daerah peserta didik, dapat membuat peserta didik lebih mengenal kekayaan alam di daerahnya dan dapat diperkenalkan baik skala nasional maupun intrnasional. Dengan adanya permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut, maka perlu adanya integrasi anatara model, evaluasi dan media pembelajaran STEM-A (Sciences, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Animation) berbasis kearifan lokal. Metode Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah Kuasi Eksperimen dengan desain penelitian one group pretest-posttest design. Hasil observasi menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman konsep mahasiswa setelah diterapkan pembelajaran STEM-A (Sciences, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Animation) berbasis kearifan lokal. Dengan kategori sedang pada gain dinormalisasinya. Dari pembelajaran ini mahasiswa menjadi mengetahui kearifan lokal batu kuwung dan cara memanfaatkannya. Hasil penelitian akan terus dikembangkan pada mata kuliah-mata kuliah lain di jurusan Pendidikan Fisika Universitas Sultan Ageng tirtayasa.

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