scholarly journals The Natural Frontiers of a Global Empire: The Pineapple—Ananas comosus—In Portuguese Sources of the 16th Century

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Teresa Nobre de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Exotic Plant ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
New Business ◽  
African Plants ◽  
Wide Dissemination

The great oceanic voyages had unexpected consequences on the pace with which plants moved between the most far-removed corners of the globe. From the mid-sixteenth century onwards, the huge distances covered led to an unprecedented change in the distribution of vegetable species. Settlers and voyagers took European plants with them and introduced them into the Americas, Africa, and Asia. African plants were transferred to America and Asia, and Asian species were dispersed across all continents. These biological transferences led to global changes in people’s dietary habits and therapeutic practices, as well as giving rise to new business opportunities and previously untested ways of exploiting the land. Originally from Brazil, the pineapple—Ananas comosus—made a great impression on those who came across it. Refusing to take root in the cold European latitudes, the fruit crossed the Atlantic Ocean aboard Portuguese ships in search of other territories with an adequate climate. In this essay, I will analyze the references to pineapple in the chronicles, botanical texts, and missionaries’ letters in circulation in the 1500s. I will examine the cultural context that permitted the diffusion of this botanical species and follow the oceanic routes traced by this exotic plant that allowed the wide dissemination of the fruit throughout the Portuguese empire.

A Behind-the-Scenes Glimpse into the Princeps Edition of Colóquios dos simples (Goa, 1563)

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 232-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Nobre de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Wide Dissemination

Considered by many to be the most learned Portuguese physician who lived in Goa during the sixteenth century, Garcia de Orta (c. 1500–1568) was the author of Colóquios dos Simples, e Drogas he cousas mediçinais da India [Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India] (Goa, 1563). Devoted entirely to the description of Asian natural resources, very little is known about how this treatise came into existence. Published at the edges of the Portuguese empire, and a hostage to technical, structural and human constraints, the princeps edition had a limited circulation. The diffusion around Europe of the novelties described in Colóquios dos Simples owed in part to the efforts of Clusius (1526–1609), one of the leading botanists of the time. This scholar promptly published Aromatum et Simplicium (Antwerp, 1567), a Latin epitome of Colóquios dos Simples. This complete reframing of Orta’s treatise guaranteed the wide dissemination of the new knowledge about Asian plants, fruits and drugs validated by the Portuguese physician on the periphery of the empire.
In this essay I analyse the background to the publication of the Portuguese treatise and demonstrate that, especially due to structural constraints, the princeps edition had a limited circulation. I show that the wide diffusion of the novelties about the natural resources of the Indies was dependent on the technical equipment, artistic skills and editorial criteria dictated and managed by European academics, artists and printers. I propose that the appropriation of local knowledge collected and validated in the Iberian Empires by imperial agents challenged European academics and typographers to create innovative treatises about the Indies’ natural resources that assured the widespread circulation of an entirely new natural knowledge.


Organizational Culture and Knowledge Management

2002 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thou Tin Lim
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Leadership ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
New Business ◽  
Knowledge Management Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Knowledge Management Processes

As organizations in Singpore respond to the pressures of globalization, the adoption of knowledge management practices becomes more prevalent. In a hurry to implement this new business paradigm, organizations may have overlooked the influence of the cultural context which is commonly considered one of the pillars of knowledge management in a western-oriented organization. This paper examines what was overlooked by Singapore organizations while moving towards knowledge management. Specifically, it studies the impact of organizational culture on knowledge management processes. A review of literature shows that there is a relationship between cultural factors and knowledge management processes. This relationship is reflected in a research model that helps to answer research questions and to formulate hypotheses for testing. The result indicates that knowledge management should consider not just the technological aspects of implementation but also the cultural, leadership and contextual aspects of an organization.

Galileo and Pisan Aristotelianism: Galileo's De Motu Antiquiora and the Quaestiones De Motu Elementorum of the Pisan Professors

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Helbing ◽  
Michele Camerota
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The University

AbstractThe group of writings entitled De motu (or De motu antiquiora) constitutes Galileo's earliest writings on dynamics. These manuscripts are usually dated to the years 1589 to 1592, when Galileo taught mathematics at the University of Pisa. Among their characteristics, the application of dynamic principles of Archimedean hydrostatics to the problem of motion stands out, as does their anti-Aristotelian tone. This paper tries to embed these writings within the cultural context in which they were created by documenting their link (which is most evident in various polemically charged references) to the debate over the motion of the elements between Girolamo Borro and Francesco Buonamici, the two most celebrated Pisan Aristotelians of the late sixteenth century.

Portuguese Diplomacy in Asia in the Sixteenth Century: A Preliminary Overview

Itinerario ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-37
Author(s):  
Zoltán Biedermann
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
Portuguese Empire

Scattered as it was over thousands of miles of African and Asian coastline, the Portuguese empire in the East had a peculiar shape when compared to the Spanish one in the New World. As one author of the early seventeenth century put it, ‘the king our lord does not have more than twenty leagues of land in all Asia, from Macao to the Cape of Good Hope’. Portugal was a small country with a population of one and a half million people, and it is no surprise that the Portuguese presence in Asia - a ‘network’ rather than an ‘empire’, as some authors claim - had to rely heavily on diplomacy. The wholesale ‘conquest’ (conquista) of the East was perceived as a theoretical right of the Portuguese crown, but in practice most relations with Eastern polities rested on a complex set of negotiated links of ‘friendship’ (amizade) or indirect submission (uassalagem).

scholarly journals Der Heros und die starken Frauen

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-258
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hagedorn
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Source Text ◽  
German Translation ◽  
Intersectional Analysis ◽  
Greek Source

ZusammenfassungThis paper takes a critical look at how the first German translation of Homer – Simon Schaidenreisser’s Odyssea from the sixteenth century – deals with the identity-forming categories of gender and divinity. The shifts in power structures within these categories, which occur in the transcultural target language-oriented translation, are examined in an intersectional analysis. For this purpose, the translation is contrasted with the Latin translation of the Odyssey by Raphael Volaterranus (1534), Schaidenreisser’s direct source, as well as with Homer’s Greek source text. The subjects of this analysis are the two powerful, antagonistic, female divinities of the Odyssey: Circe and Calypso. The paper illustrates how the depiction of the goddesses is reshaped in the Early Modern cultural context of the translation and how power structures shift within the narrative, resulting in a loss of power and intersectional complexity for the goddesses and a re-evaluation of the narrative’s hero, Ulysses.

scholarly journals Ulisse a Venezia Odissea (V, 219-224) nella Rodiana di Andrea Calmo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Carpinato
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Greek Language

The comedy Rodiana (Venice 1542), written by Andrea Calmo, opens with a quote in Greek from a passage of the Odyssey, uttered by a doctor from Rhodes. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the historical, linguistic, and cultural context of Venice in the mid-sixteenth century, during which Greeks and Greek language (ancient and spoken) played quite an important role. The analysis of the text allows to identify, albeit under the literary guise, some elements to understand several aspects of daily life in Venice in the age of Tintoretto.

scholarly journals THE PHENOMENON OF ISLAMIC IDENTITY IN THE RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL CONTEXT OF ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY

Adam alemi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
Madina Bektenova ◽  
◽  
Natalya Seitakhmetova ◽  
Laura Toktarbekovа ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Identity ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Main Component

The authors of the article, through the prism of the formation of Islamic identity in traditional Islamic society, try to identify the main cultural, philosophical and religious concepts of the phenomenon of Islamic identity. The 21st century is becoming a century of global changes. The world of Islam and the world around Islam are changing. Wars, revolutions in the Islamic world, mass migrations of Muslims to Western Europe, the promotion of radicalism, terrorism, the development of a zero degree of tolerance in open societies, inter-confessional and intra-confessional intolerance once again served to open up in the humanities the problem of modernizing Islamic consciousness, Islamic philosophical and cultural thought, and also the main issues of the relationship between Islamic tradition and modern conditions. Islamic identity as the main component of the Islamic worldview today must be correlated with the new conditions of political, socio-economic and cultural transformation. Nevertheless, for an adequate understanding and knowledge of Islamic identity, it is important to conceptualize its foundations associated with the religion of Islam itself and the Islamic tradition. Islamic consolidation around the Islamic system of values forms the Muslim ummah, which is one of the main components of Muslim self-identification.

Word Studies in the Renaissance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Stein
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Geographical Knowledge ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Present Book ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wide Dissemination

The rediscovery of the classical texts of Greek and Latin antiquity, the progress in the sciences, and the immense extension of the geographical knowledge of the world during the Renaissance created an unparalleled need for vocabulary expansion in the European languages. Latin was still the language of learning, but a growing nationalism called for a lexical development in the vernaculars. The printing press made possible the production of dictionaries and their wide dissemination. Sixteenth-century Europe is linguistically characterized by a high productivity in dictionary publications. These are pan-European in character: they are based on the same Greek and Latin source texts, the same recognized authorial texts of the leading contemporary experts, they are polyglot for tradespeople and travellers, and they are multilingual for an educated readership. The present book investigates the relationship between these polyglot and multilingual works, demonstrates the influence of European scholarship (e.g. Ambrogio Calepino, Conrad Gesner, Hadrianus Junius, Robertus Stephanus), describes the authorial stance in word explanations, morphological analyses, and translations, and provides the first account of how early printers used typography to present the compiler’s lexical information on the page.

scholarly journals PADRE VIEIRA E PESSOA: A LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA COMO VEÍCULO DA PÁTRIA DA ESPIRITUALIDADE

2003 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiudéa Tempesta Rodrigues Boberg
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Fernando Pessoa ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation

O Padre Antônio Vieira e o poeta Fernando Pessoa abraçaram a causa do Quinto Império sob pontos de vista que se aproximam: o primeiro vislunbrava-o como um império português, terreno, dominado por uma Igreja ecumênica, enquanto o outro propunha o império da língua portuguesa, enquanto língua de cultura, uma pátria espiritual, simultaneamente portuguesa e universal. Seus pontos de vista refletem um contexto cultural, que foi também assimilado pelos demais povos que têm a língua portuguesa como oficial, conforme atestam os discursos dos Chefes de Estado dos sete países falantes, ao criarem a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa – CPLP. Abstract The priest Antonio Vieira and the poet Fernando Pessoa embraced the Fifth Empire cause under points of view that approach each other: the first envisioned it as an earthen Portuguese empire, dominated by a ecumenical church, while the other proposed a Portuguese language empire, as a language of the culture, a spiritual nation, simultaneously Portuguese and universal. Their points of view reflect a cultural context, that was also assimilated by the other countries who have Portuguese as the official language, as attested by the pronouncements of the Chiefs of State of the seven speaking countries, at the creation of the Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa – CPLP (Portuguese Language Countries Community).

scholarly journals Institutional innovations in the Forest industry in Russia: a case study of Irkutsk province

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis V. Dayneko ◽  
Eric J. Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
New Business ◽  
Institutional Innovations ◽  
Major Factors

Abstract Multiple global changes are impacting Russia today. Economic transformations in Russia have prompted the establishment of new business relations, which are based on innovations in the economic, institutional and ecological spheres, including within the Forest industry. This paper focuses on the Forest sector in Irkutsk province and beyond, examining the basic problems related to the institutional innovations in the Forest industry of the province, and the major factors and conditions influencing the dynamics of institutional innovations. A brief historical background and analysis of institutional structures are also presented.

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