The Machine of State in Germany

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-93
Author(s):  
Ere Pertti Nokkala
Keyword(s):  
State Machine ◽  
The State ◽  
Complex State ◽  
Final Cause ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

The aim of this article is to explore the different uses of the state-machine metaphor in Germany during the 1750s and 1760s. It focuses on the debate around the ideal state and especially on the views of one central writer, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (1717-1771). It has been argued that in this debate the functionality of the state was measured according to the efficiency and simplicity of the machine and that the best form of state was that which provided the fastest and most precise implementation of the final cause (happiness) and encountered the fewest obstacles on its way. At the time, unlimited monarchy arose as the form of government that best fitted this description, with Fredrick II and Justi being usually referred to as the ideologues of this mechanical authoritarian order, often described as “enlightened absolutism.” However, the author argues that Justi's position in this debate must be reconsidered since his writings show that he never denied the possibility of constructing a complex state-machine based on the separation and balance of powers. In fact, he was an admirer of England's mixed government as described by Montesquieu. Ironically, then, the author who most contributed to the dissemination of the state-machine metaphor in Germany was also the one whose usage of it was most exceptional.

scholarly journals NEGARA DAN KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM PEMIKIRAN ALFARABI

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Imam Sukardi
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
The Social ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Ideal

The political concept of Alfarabi is derivated from the concept of Platonic, Aristotelian, and Islam. The ideal state is the state which is elaborated the universal values of humanism, not just limited to certain ethnic and nation which is emphasizing its obedience just to God, not the something else. In this paper, the writer tried to interpret the original works of Alfarabi which is directly related to his political thought and the other thinkers who are studying his political thought. In his political thought, Alfarabi emphasized that the main purpose of the state is to make the social-welfare for its citizens. Based on the organic theory, Alfarabi stated that the government of the state is just look-like the human organism system. In which, each of the existing element functioned to strengthen each other to achieve one goal. The ideal state for Alfarabi is the state which is having the goals for its citizen welfare, and who become the prime leader is a philosopher, who is having the prophetic character, having the wider knowledge, and able to communicate with al 'aql al fa’al trough al ‘aql mustafad. 

scholarly journals Covenant and the consolidated Christian community: The covenantal roots of theologico-political federalism in Samuel Rutherford’s Respublica Christiana

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries Raath ◽  
Shaun De Freitas
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Ideal Form ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Ideal

The celebrated author on the mind of Samuel Rutherford, John Coffey, chose the Calvinist tradition as the appropriate context for interpreting Rutherford’s covenantal perspectives. The authors question this assumption and produce evidence to the effect that the Bullinger– Vermigli approach to theologico-political federalism in Rutherford’s views proves to be a more cogent paradigm for understanding Rutherford’s thoughts. It is concluded that Rutherford utilised the insights of both Bullinger and Vermigli in structuring the ideal form of government in the Christian state as well as the relationships between ecclesiastical and political offices in the state, a theory that gained in importance in later political theories.

Entanglement Networks of 1,2-Polybutadiene Crosslinked in States of Strain. II. Application of the Mooney-Rivlin Equation to Networks Crosslinked at 0°C

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1004-1007
Author(s):  
Ole Kramer ◽  
John D. Ferry
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Force ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Linear Polymers ◽  
Extension Ratio ◽  
Apparent Concentration ◽  
Effective Network ◽  
The One ◽  
Entanglement Network ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract This paper gives the results of a recalculation of the data in Paper I of this series, with an expression for strain energy which is a special case of the Mooney-Rivlin theory, instead of the ideal theory based on Gaussian networks. It was shown in Paper I that the apparent concentration of elastically effective network strands terminated by entanglements, νN, can be estimated by crosslinking linear polymers in states of strain. The maximum value of νN found by this method was about one-half the value obtained from viscoelastic measurements in the rubbery plateau zone, νc=2.5×10−4 mol cm−3. The low value of νN was primarily attributed to the crosslinking temperature being too far (12°) above the glass-transition temperature, Tg. Crosslinking temperatures closer to Tg give values of νN close to νc, as will be shown in Paper III of this series. In addition, it was found that these networks behave slightly differently from the predictions of the ideal Gaussian composite network theory: ideal Gaussian composite networks are isotropic relative to the state of ease whereas these networks exhibit anisotropy of equilibrium swelling, relative to the state of ease, in n-heptane; and νN, instead of being a constant, was found to decrease with increasing extension ratio during crosslinking, λ0. The latter result is illustrated in Figure 1 for irradiation times from 3 to 5 h; here, νN is plotted against the extension ratio, λs, in the state of ease in which the retractive force of the entanglement network and the compressive force of the crosslink network are equal and opposite in direction. The experimental points can be fitted rather well by a curve (not the one shown) with the functional form of a constant divided by λs, like the C2 term in the Mooney-Rivlin equation.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH MASA OPERASIONAL TERHADAP PENURUNAN KAPASITAS TRANSFORMATOR DISTRIBUSI DI PT. PLN (PERSERO)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Sulistiyono Sulistiyono ◽  
Haris Nur Azis
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Capacity Loading ◽  
Percent Decrease ◽  
The Ideal

One cause the interruption of transformer is loading that exceeds the capabilities of the transformer. The state of continuous overload will affect the age of the transformer and result in a reduced capacity of the transformer. The declining capacity, loading on the transformer will not be maximized and increase the risk of damage. Actions taken to attempt the decrease disturbances resulting from the transformer loadings are by the transformer test and known how many percent decrease in capacity of the transformer. The data from the test is used to calculate the reduction in the capacity of the transformer. Result of the research on the transformer which is not operated yet relating to the ideal state of a transformer. As for the research on the second transformer indicates how transformer which been operating for several years has decreased the capacity of the transformer. So that the second transformer can not be loaded to the maximum.

PLATO ON VIRTUE IN THEMENEXENVS

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Federico M. Petrucci
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Moral Issue ◽  
Athenian Democracy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Strict Reading ◽  
The Ideal

TheMenexenusis usually described as a ‘riddle’ or ‘puzzle’. The difficulties it poses have given rise to a multitude of exegeses, revolving around two antithetical readings. On the one hand, some scholars tend to consider the dialogue an ironic critique of Athenian democracy and/or of democratic rhetoric. According to this perspective, Plato expressed this criticism through a paradoxical and somehow feverishepitaphios(the ironic reading). On the other hand, some scholars consider the funeral oration to be quite serious. According to this perspective, Plato aimed at reforming the genre and at introducing his theory of the ideal stateorhis theory of virtue (the strict reading). In this paper I will be moving beyond these standard readings in an attempt to supplement them by identifying the real moral issue behind theMenexenus.

Platonic Rule: Fiat or Law

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Hall
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Moral Autonomy ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Personal Authority ◽  
Personal Rule ◽  
The Ideal

A recent study contends that for Plato, the state, including the ideal state of the Republic, is better governed by unfettered personal authority than by law. The present study maintains that even in the Republic and the Statesman, as well as in the Laws, it is law, not unfettered personal rule that underlies the state. Justification for such authoritarian rule, especially in the ideal state of the Republic, lies in the supposed inability of the ordinary individual to acquire moral autonomy or Platonic justice owing to a lack of the necessary knowledge. But it is shown in this study that the ordinary individual of the ideal state can acquire an educated right opinion sufficient for gaining moral autonomy or Platonic justice.

scholarly journals Form of Government in Bosnia and Herzegovina / Oblik državnog uređenja Bosne i Hercegovine

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siniša Karan
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Complex State ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Form Of Government

With the force that is not reduced even now, nineteen years after establishing Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the legal and political theory and practice, there are great disagreements about the nature state arrangement of Bosnia and Herzegovina.They are reported to be already at the time of adoption of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, that would later be resumed with greater or lesser intensity.They often was caused by ideological and political reasons, because precisely define the shape of the state organisation of Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have only a scientific and theoretical, but also a great practical and political significance.A state arrangements of Bosnia and Herzegovina is discussed not only from the standpoint of its positive legal nature (descriptive), but already from the standpoint of its favorable legal and political characteristics (prescriptive).If the agree with the premise that Bosnia and Herzegovina is a complex state, it is not enough to provide an additional answer to the question about the concrete content and the nature of that complex state, but we must go further in our research.Therefore, there are logical following questions: why is Bosnia and Herzegovina State quite complex in the form that currently exists, whether the form is an effective and what social factors and under which circumstances may affect its reform or radical change; whether such changes are required; whether in such a complex arrangements can be functional to operate its institutions, legislative before all.

7. The Ideal State

Politics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ferdinand ◽  
Robert Garner ◽  
Stephanie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
The State ◽  
General Will ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Normative Analysis ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter examines the basics of political philosophy, focusing in particular on what makes the state legitimate, or what is the ideal state we should be striving for. It first considers the use of normative analysis by political philosophers — that is, they are concerned with asking how the state ought to be organized and how much freedom ought individuals be granted. It then discusses the issues of consent and democracy, social contract, and the general will, along with utilitarianism as an account of state legitimacy. It also explores liberalism and liberty in relation to the state, Marxism and communitarianism, the idea of a just state, and how the traditional state focus of political theory has been challenged by globalization. Finally, it describes the influence of anarchism on modern politics and the position of anarchists with respect to the ideal state.

Coherent state truncation by conditional interferometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (19) ◽  
pp. 2050158
Author(s):  
Xue-Xiang Xu ◽  
Hong-Chun Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Coherent State ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Conditional State ◽  
Antibunching Effect ◽  
The One ◽  
Photon States ◽  
The Ideal

Based on a conditional interferometry proposed by Paris [Phys. Rev. A 62, 033813 (2000)], we prepare any chosen superposition of the vacuum, one-photon, and two-photon states, which is truncating from an input coherent state. Feeding two perfect single-photon states and a coherent state into the interferometry and employing two one-photon detections, the conditional state can be obtained in the signal port. Ideal and realistic features of the one-photon counting are taken into account together with the effect on the fidelity between the ideal state and the realistic case. The ideal state is just a particular case of the realistic state with the unit efficiency. We study the antibunching effect and Wigner function of the generated states. The results show that the generated states will exhibit their specular character.

scholarly journals Influence of yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces and not Saccharomyces in elaboration of white wines

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
L. Quincozes ◽  
P. Santos ◽  
L. Vieira ◽  
M. Gabbardo ◽  
D.P. Eckhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
White Wine ◽  
The State ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
White Wines ◽  
Volatile Acidity ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Ideal

Traditionally the Serra Gaúcha region, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, is known as a barn productor of excellent quality wines. The aromatic complexity of wine in general, and white wine in particular, is what is essential to satisfy an increasingly demanding consumer. Among the most used techniques to achieve this purpose is the addition of yeasts of different genres, thus providing a range of aromatic characteristics that are accentuated in it. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of different strains of yeasts in white wines of Riesling Italic variety, made from grapes grown in the Serra Gaúcha region, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the results, it was possible to observe that there were no significant differences between the treatments in relation to the variables pH, total acidity and alcoholic degree. However, with respect to the fermentation yield, T3 was the treatment that obtained the best performance, reaching the ideal density (below 1000 g.cm3) in the course of 6 to 7 days, followed by treatments T1 (Saccharomyces cerevisae) and T5 (Levulia pulcherrima) (7 to 8 days), with treatments T2 (Saccharomyces cerevisaecerevisae) and T4 (Torulaspora delbrueckii), which had the lowest performance (9 to 10 days). The T4 treatment was also the one that presented a higher amount of residual sugars, which proves the less activity of this yeast in more alcoholic means. All the yeasts used have a low production of volatile acidity, but the lowest concentration was Saccharomyces cerevisae cerevisae, used in treatment T2 (0.1 gL−1), and the other treatments presented higher concentrations (0, 4 to 0.5 gL−1), although it is still within the parameters considered ideal for obtaining quality white wines. T2 was also the treatment with lower concentrations of glycerol (5.1 g.L−1). This compound is mainly formed by glyceropyruvic fermentation through the metabolism of yeasts at the beginning of alcoholic fermentation, usually being produced by the first 50 grams of fermented sugars, which may indicate a greater activity of this yeast in this fermentation period. In general, we can say that all the yeasts used have the potential to produce quality white wines, since they had good fermentation yields, satisfactory production of alcohol and glycerol, and low production of volatile acidity.

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