Fayz Mohammad Kāteb and Gholām Mohammad Ghobār’s Divergent Allegories of an Afghan Rebellion

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-223
Author(s):  
Elham Bakhtary
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
British Occupation ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Nature ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractRecent scholarship on Afghan historiography has shed light on how Afghan historians, particularly from the early twentieth century onwards, have used events such as the First Anglo-Afghan War for the purpose of national narratives. This article deepens this analysis by paying particular attention to how two prominent Afghan historians, Fayz Mohammad Kāteb and Gholām Mohammad Ghobār, rendered the Afghan rebellion that ended the British occupation in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Although Kāteb and Ghobār agreed on the religious nature of the rebellion, they had opposite interpretations regarding its leadership. This study explores how these opposite interpretations reflect a common underlying attempt to use the First Anglo-Afghan War as an historical allegory. As a court historian, Kāteb’s account is a testimony to his patron dynasty’s ability to protect Afghanistan, while Ghobār’s account reflects the author’s conviction in Afghanistan’s readiness for democracy.

Christianity, Plurality and Vernacular Religion in early Twentieth-Century Glastonbury: A Sign of Things to Come?

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 302-321
Author(s):  
Marion Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Vernacular Religion ◽  
Important Time ◽  
To Come ◽  
Shed Light

This essay focuses upon a significant place, Glastonbury, at an important time during the early twentieth century, in order to shed light on a particular aspect of Christianity which is frequently overlooked: its internal plurality. This is not simply denominational diversity, but the considerable heterogeneity which exists at both institutional and individual level within denominations, and which often escapes articulation, awareness or comment. This is significant because failure to apprehend a more detailed, granular picture of religion can lead to an incomplete view of events in the past and, by extension, a partial understanding of later phenomena. This essay argues that by using the concept of vernacular religion a more nuanced picture of religion as it is – or has been – lived can be achieved.

scholarly journals Islamization, Gentrification and Domestication: ‘A Girls’ Islamic Course' and Rural Muslims in Western Uttar Pradesh

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Jeffery ◽  
Roger Jeffery ◽  
Craig Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
North India ◽  
September 11Th ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Shed Light

Girls' education has been enduringly controversial in north India, and the disputes of the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century still echo in debates about girls' education in contemporary India. In this paper, we reflect on the education of rural Muslim girls in contemporary western Uttar Pradesh (UP), by examining an Islamic course for girls [Larkiyon kā Islālmī Course], written in Urdu and widely used in madrasahs there. First, we summarize the central themes in the Course: purifying religious practice; distancing demure, self-controlled, respectable woman from the lower orders; and the crucial role of women as competent homemakers. Having noted the conspicuous similarities between these themes and those in the nineteenth and early twentieth-century textbooks and advice manuals for girls and women, the second section examines the context in which the earlier genre emerged. Finally, we return to the present day. Particularly since September 11th 2001, madrasahs have found themselves the focus of hostile allegations that bear little or no relationship to the activities of the madrasahs that we studied. Nevertheless, madrasah education does have problematic implications. The special curricula for girls exemplifies how a particular kind of élite project has been sustained and transformed, and we aim to shed light on contemporary communal and class issues as well as on gender politics.

Raqqa: The Forgotten Excavation of an Islamic Site in Syria by the Ottoman Imperial Museum in the Early Twentieth Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayşin Yoltar-Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Islamic Archaeology ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

Raqqa, in Syria, was the only Islamic site excavated by the Ottoman Imperial Museum during its existence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Although the Imperial Museum may not have been searching specifically for an Islamic site of the medieval period to excavate, its response to the plundering of Raqqa, which began as early as 1899, was to pursue an archaeological excavation in a systematic manner. Two campaigns were conducted, under the directorships of Macridy and Haydar Bey, in 1905–6 and 1908 respectively. Although not lasting more than a couple of months, they were relatively important from the perspective of the Imperial Museum and Islamic archaeology at that time. This article focuses on the history of these Raqqa excavations, namely, the reasons the Imperial Museum began excavating there, how it conducted its excavations, and, finally, the finds and the way they were displayed at the Museum. Existing archival documents on the excavation, along with the earliest inventories of the finds in the Imperial Museum and the personal letters of Macridy, all hitherto unpublished, are analyzed in order to shed light on these long forgotten excavations.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Angela Frattarola
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Modernist Literature ◽  
Sound Perception ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Many ◽  
Geographical Scope ◽  
Century Literature

The introduction begins with a close reading of Rudyard Kipling’s “Wireless” in order to clarify the influence of auditory technology on turn-of-the-century literature. While explaining the geographical scope and limitations of the project, the Introduction situates the modernist shift toward sound perception as one of the many breaks with tradition that characterized the period. It also surveys recent scholarship that begins to consider how the soundscape, auditory technologies, and music of the early twentieth century influenced modernist literature.

“The Letter Said That My Wife Had Died”

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Marìa Bjerg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Marital Relations ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
A Site ◽  
Shed Light

Based on two trials for bigamy involving European immigrants in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Argentina, this chapter illustrates how emotions affected transnational marital relations and how different meanings of love, and its mutations into myriad less positive feelings, shaped migration. In the context of migration and family—a site of intimacy and affection, but also one of disagreement, contest, deceit, and heartbreak—the experience of bigamists and their betrayed spouses reveal the multiple complexities of leaving one’s family and of being left behind, and shed light on the encounter of immigrants with the emotional standards of the Argentine society.

Avoiding Ribā: Credit and Custodianship in Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth Century ḥaḍramawt

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Boxberger
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Arabia ◽  
Economic Need ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Economic Institution

AbstractThis essay examines a little-known economic institution known as ʿuhda sale which was highly elaborated in the ḥaḍramawt region of southern Arabia, where it was used to facilitate the availability of credit by allowing people to benefit from extending credit without breaking the Qurʾānic prohibition of Ribā. After considering the history of the practice in ḥaḍramawt and controversies associated with it, I analyze how the transactions worked and who participated in them, as reflected in nineteenth- and twentieth-century contracts. In addition, evidence culled from contemporary fatāwā shed light on some of the questions and problems which arose in the course of these transactions. The ʿuhda transaction in ḥaḍramawt illustrates the development of a utilitarian economic institution through the combined influences of local usage based on practical needs and local juristic decisions as to religious legitimacy. The transaction exemplifies the flexibility of the local legal system in response to economic need and social practice. It also illustrates the degree to which people of different genders, ages, and social backgrounds participated in financial transactions in this society.

The uses of history by the Polish democratic opposition in the late 1970s

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhan Doucette
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Wide Dissemination ◽  
Shed Light

During the late 1970s, members of the Polish democratic opposition revised and reinterpreted key elements in the Polish past in support of their contemporary ideas about Polish society and opposition. The birth of the independent press in Poland in 1976 provided these debates with a medium for wide dissemination and discussion. Analysis of democratic opposition debates in the independent press on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, historic Polish–Russian relations, and the struggle for and achievement of independence in the early twentieth century shed light on the ways in which the democratic opposition perceived Polish society and the legacy of tolerance, diversity, nationalism, and socialism within it. It also reveals the major divisions within the democratic opposition and its primary tactical proposals prior to the birth of the Solidarity trade union in 1980. Forty years later, these debates continue to reverberate.

Double-Entry Bookkeeping in Early-Twentieth-Century China

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pak K. Auyeung ◽  
Lei Fu ◽  
Zhixiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Salt Mining

Rare materials recently released by the Zigong City Archives shed light on the accounting system that was created by saltmining businesses in Zigong. The materials include forty-seven accounting books prepared by eight firms in the industry from 1908 to 1930. In this study, the materials are used to reveal how the Zigong salt-mining firms used the double-entry system. The study draws on the archival documents to reveal how the firms' innovative reporting methods enabled them to calculate profit and loss, and it explores the ways in which improved accounting information guided the decisions of Chinese proprietors who were operating in a business environment characterized by inadequate financing, considerable risk, and long intervals between investment and return.

scholarly journals Putting the spiritual into practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Von Boguslawski ◽  
Jasmine Westerlund
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Surrounding World ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Courses ◽  
Shed Light

The aim of this article is to examine how Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophical ideas were reflected and put into practice in the lives of the Finnish couple Olly (Olga) Donner (1881–1956, neé Sinebrychoff) and Uno Donner (1872–1958). They encountered anthroposophy in 1913 and subsequently embraced it as the guiding principle of their lives. Through a close examination of these two people we aim to shed light on how a new worldview like anthroposophy, which was gaining followers in early twentieth-century Finland, was also a manifestation of wider changes in religious culture in Europe. Our perspective could be described as biographical in the sense that it has been characterised by Simone Lässig (2008: 11) who writes that ‘the reconstruction of individual life courses helps to discover more about the context – for example, about daily rituals, pious practices, or kinship relationship’. Thus, the biographical perspective serves as a tool for grasping how something as deeply personal as an anthroposophical worldview was understood and practised, not only by Olly and Uno Donner, but also by a larger group of people who in the early twentieth century were looking for new ways to make sense of the surrounding world.

scholarly journals The ‘Old Arctics’: notices of Franklin Search expedition veterans in the British press, 1876–1934

Polar Record ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-229
Author(s):  
Shane McCorristine ◽  
Victoria Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northwest Passage ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
British Press ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACTThe lives of the commanders and officers associated with the British naval searches for the lost John Franklin northwest passage expedition in the 1850s are well-known through their own writings or those of later biographers. The post-Arctic careers of ordinary crew members, on the other hand, are barely known at all. Following digital searches of nineteenth and early-twentieth century British newspapers, we have compiled a list of some notices, obituaries, and reminiscences that shed light on the later years of the ‘Old Arctics’.

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