Legal Instruments for Phosphorus Supply Security

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 343-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ekardt ◽  
Beatrice Garske ◽  
Jessica Stubenrauch ◽  
Jutta Wieding
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Policy ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Finite Resource ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Policy Incentives

This article will show which legal measures could lead to more sound use of phosphorus, and which might not. From the perspective of natural science, there are varying accounts as to how long phosphorus will still be available. It is, however, undisputed that phosphorus is a finite resource with vital importance to humankind. It is also certain that overusing phosphorus causes environmental damage further increased by permanent application. In this context, the usage of phosphorus from stocks contaminated by heavy metals might increasingly become an issue. Regulatory policy incentives are required towards establishing more sound phosphorus use with increased focus on recycling. So far, phosphorus has involved tentative proclamations rather than legally binding measures. However, classical regulatory measures directed at single actions – the command-and-control approach – will not suffice in addressing resource and environmental problems, as phosphorus problems are more appropriately viewed as quantity problems. Additional economic instruments are needed in order to avoid enforcement deficits, rebound and shifting effects, and to promote recycling while decreasing phosphorus consumption. These economic instruments would also help in addressing several environmental problems regarding land use, resources, biodiversity loss and climate change all at once.

Setting Targets and the Choice of Policy Instruments for Limiting CO2 Emissions1

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Emission Permits ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Energy Taxes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Tradeable Carbon Permits

Increasing concern in scientific and policy making circles about the possibility of global warming induced by the accumulation of CO2 and other GHGs in the atmosphere has advanced for consideration of policies to limit emissions of these GHGs. This paper gives an overview of policy instruments that might be used to control CO2 emissions, including command-and-control approach, energy taxes, carbon taxes, and tradeable carbon permits, with special attention paid to the economic instruments. It highlights the differences between energy taxes and carbon taxes in terms of target achievement. It presents some main findings arising from those studies on carbon taxes, with the emphasis placed on some aspects of domestic carbon tax design and incidence. The allocations of emission permits (or reimbursement of carbon tax revenues) are also discussed. Moreover, a comparison of carbon taxes with tradeable carbon permits is briefly made. This paper ends with some conclusions.

Global Currencies and Domestic Regulation

2019 ◽  
pp. 112-139
Author(s):  
Georgios Dimitropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Karl Polanyi ◽  
Market System ◽  
Market Society ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Double Movement ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
And Control ◽  
Domestic Regulation ◽  
Global Financial System

This chapter identifies cryptocurrencies and other virtual currencies as global currencies that could have a major impact on national jurisdictions. Regulation concerning cryptocurrencies can be described in the terms of the ‘double movement’ that Karl Polanyi identified for the expansion of the market society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Cryptocurrencies have been developed by anti-establishment individuals and groups, and other opponents of the global financial system that—in Polanyi’s terms—belong to a collectivist counter-movement. The effect they have produced, though, is rather to expand global markets and the market system. This has spurred a counter-movement to the counter-movement, or what could be called the ‘anti-countermovement’. The response of the anti-countermovement to the expansion and influence of the global currencies is paradoxical, if not schizophrenic. The anti-countermovement treats global currencies both as currencies and as a technology. This has led to various regulatory measures in different jurisdictions. When viewed as currency, cryptocurrencies are regulated both as money and commodities, leading to an indifferent approach to their regulation or a command-and-control approach or various intermediate approaches. When viewed as a technology, different jurisdictions have taken an enabling approach to the regulation of cryptocurrencies by establishing ‘innovation hubs’ and ‘regulatory sandboxes’ for FinTech companies. This chapter concludes by discussing the dangers of embedding cryptocurrencies through enabling them, namely the problem of more finance, and possibly an internal clash of domestic agencies. The way to mitigate the dangers of embedding through enabling is by regulating the new cryptocurrency intermediaries.

Green Economics

1991 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kay ◽  
Aubrey Silberston
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Adequate Evaluation

We all recognise environmental problems—the pollution of air and rivers, the destruction of rain forests, global warming. The article argues that environmental problems are less the result of inappropriate values than of an incorrect calculus, and that economic evaluation and economic instruments have a major role to play in the correction of that calculus.The green prescription of lower growth as a means of reducing environmental damage is dismissed—if higher output is often the cause of the problem, it is also what enables us to afford to deal with it. Policy should start from an adequate evaluation of the costs and benefits of action and inaction; the article instances nitrate in water, where the costs of rectification seem out of proportion to any likely benefit. Market mechanisms—such as taxes and tradeable licences—are often the best way of tackling environmental problems; but economists are sometimes as naive about their general applicability as non-economists about the effectiveness of prescriptive regulation.

scholarly journals Supporting Clean Energy in the ASEAN: Policy Opportunities from Sustainable Aviation Fuels Initiatives in Indonesia and Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 940 (1) ◽  
pp. 012031
Author(s):  
A Atmowidjojo ◽  
E Rianawati ◽  
B L F Chin ◽  
S Yusup ◽  
A T Quitain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clean Energy ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
International Integration ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
And Control ◽  
Regional Partnerships

Abstract Sustainable aviation fuels is a strategic long-term solution for zero-carbon aviation industry by 2050, thus underscoring the need to accelerate the deployment through reforms in the relevant key areas. Aligned to the agenda, this paper aims to study the policy opportunities for drop-in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) deployment in the ASEAN by considering the initiatives undertaken. by Indonesia and Malaysia. Four areas are used as coding framework to assess the current status, challenges, and policy opportunities, namely (1) policy, strategy, and reforms; (2) standards and certification system; (3) economic instruments; and (4) international integration. First, the current status and challenges within each country is assessed. Indonesia has shown a more command-and-control approach with an upfront SAF blending mandate. However, it needs to be supported by several compliance measures. Malaysia, on the other hand, has conducted country assessments but no SAF-specific policy has been issued yet. Both countries still lack the economic instruments, while international integration is still relatively under-explored with only limited inter-regional partnerships. As the biggest palm-oil producing countries, Indonesia and Malaysia possess enormous potentials to lead the region in deploying SAF, thus more initiatives are urged.

Accounting and Control as Mechanisms for Solving Economic Problems as Viewed by Russian Citizens of the Perestroika Era (Based on the Analysis of Letters to the Authorities)

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Ol’ga D. Popova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Cooperative Movement ◽  
Administrative Reforms ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Boris Yeltsin

This article deals with the public attitude toward the economic reforms of 1989–1990, specifically, the citizens’ suggestions on how to improve the country’s economy. The author analyses previously unpublished letters written by Russian citizens and addressed to the country’s leaders (Boris Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev) or sent to Soviet newspapers. To investigate people’s mental attitudes, the article focuses not only on social polling, but also on emotions, feelings, and thoughts shared by the letterwriters. The author of this article maintains that many citizens feared that the country would be swept away by the avalanche of capitalism and were prejudiced against perestroika-induced innovations. Habitual mental attitudes were undermined by the cooperative movement and private entrepreneurship. Various unrealistic and paradoxical suggestions were not infrequently made by the letter-writers who knew very little, if anything, about market economy. The majority of people suggested that command economy with its bureaucratic flavour should be improved. The analysis shows that Russian citizens’ mental attitudes were predominantly shaped by the notion of a bipolar world, as well as by Vladimir Lenin’s teaching about the socialist state and its role in the accounting and control over the Soviet state. The letters demonstrate that Russian citizens hoped to upgrade the Soviet economy through improvements introduced into the system of accounting and control, through harsher regulatory measures imposed on the economic system, as well as through rationing and strictly supervised distribution of goods. Many people believed that socialism was inviolable and that the Soviet economy could be improved by means of administrative reforms.

Sea Disposal of Sludge – The U.K. Experience

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Fish
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
And Control

A broad summary is made of the U.K. experience in sea-disposal of sewage sludge, embracing operations and effects, and control mechanisms, at disposal authority, national and international levels. The conclusion is reached that U.K. practice, while not perfect and in need of more research, is satisfactory and could be extended without causing environmental damage.

Retrospective Analysis of Tobacco Control Measures and Policies in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-299
Author(s):  
Lian He ◽  
Xiaoxin Chen ◽  
Chunzi Shao
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Consumption Tax ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
And Control

Objectives: Tobacco control measures can be divided into three types: regulatory, economic, and informational respectively. This paper focuses on the role and effect of different types of tobacco control measures during the epidemic prevention and control period in China. Conclusion: Firstly, as strong and powerful measures, economic measures can significantly reduce cigarette sales in the short term. However, the Chinese government did not adjust the cigarette consumption-tax rate during the period. Economic measures thus did not play an important role. Secondly, Due to few people in public places and workplaces, regulatory measures were "out of effect" in a short term. Therefore, there were insufficient evidence to find out whether regulatory measures are effective or not. Finally, China's tobacco production increased slightly during this period. This reflected that informational measures did not play an effective role.

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