reports-documents-no15-participation-of-women-in-political-life-and-in-the-decisionmaking-process-a-world-survey-as-at-1-april-1988-1988-59-pp

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Decisionmaking Process ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
World Survey

Udział kobiet w działalności prawotwórczej Senatu II Rzeczypospolitej

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Fiktus
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Groups

At the end of World War I, in many European countries women won the active and passive right to vote. Poland was one of the first countries, where women were allowed to participate in political life. Already at the time of establishing the Legislative Sejm (1919) the first women-MPs took their seats in Parliament. Similarly, the situation presented itself in the case of the Senate. During its first session (1922) women participated in the works of the upper chamber. The purpose of this paper is to present the participation of women in the legislative work of the Senate in various terms of office. The participation of women in the legislative work of Parliament was characterized by their involvement in issues concerning education or social services, while avoiding participation in the legislative work or that dealing with political matters. The situation presented itself differently as regards women’s involvement in the work of the Senate. A good example here was the activity of Dorota Kałuszyńska, who – during the work on the so called April Constitution of 1935 – not only participated in it very actively, but also ruthlessly attacked the then ruling camp. Another very interesting episode related to activities of women in the Senate was an informal covenant during the work on the bill to limit the sale, administration and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Belonging to different political groups: the said D. Kłuszyńska as a representative of the Polish Socialist Party, Helena Kisielewska from the Bloc of National Minorities and Hanna Hubicka of BBWR [the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government] unanimously criticized the regulations in force, which – in their opinion – did not fulfill their role when it came to anti-alcohol protection. The participation of women as far as their number was concerned was indeed small, but the Senate (like Parliament) of the Second Republic functioned in the period when women had just begun their activity on the legislative forum. Undoubtedly, it was a very interesting period, in which women had the benefit in the form of gaining their parliamentary experience. For example, it gave rise to subsequent activities of Dorota Kłuszyńska, who actively participated in the legislative works of the Sejm in the years 1947–1952, dealing with social issues or family.

scholarly journals Women and men in Belgrade (through statistics)

2006 ◽  
pp. 383-390
Author(s):  
Radmila Vicentijevic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Board Members ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
East European ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Novi Sad

As in other East-European countries, in Serbia and Montenegro, the equality of sexes is built in a system as a part of ideology related to the progress in the position of women in a society. The field of education is specially emphasized. According to the census 1991 and 2002, in Serbia and Montenegro there lived 50, 39%, that is 51, 37% of women in the total number of population. In Belgrade that percentage was 51, 60%, that is 52, 55%. This data tells about a large participation of women in the population. In the field of working legislature, women are equal as men. But formal equality doesn?t give always a real equality. For active women population in Belgrade the characteristic is a really high economic activity. The percentage of maintained women in 2002 was 61, 80% in The Republic of Serbia, which is 58 55% in Belgrade. In a structure of maintained women, according to their contribution, the first place is occupied pupils and students (over 40%), then with one third housewives, 20% children and 1% persons unable to work. We can notice a reduction in the contribution of housewives in a number of maintained women population. According to the education level, the largest number of employed women is with secondary education 38, 05%. With high and higher education 34, 28%, women are employed which makes 72, 33% of the total number of employed women. This data tells as that there is an extremely high educational level of employed women in legal entities. Women participation in political life, in the work of political parties and diplomatic branches grows slowly. A number of women-board members at the latest elections 2004 in the city assembly of Belgrade was 31, 0%, in Nis 23,0% in Novi Sad 28,0% from the total number of board members. This percentage is still unsatisfactory but this shows a better involvement and participation of women in the political scene. According to marriages, the percentage of bridegrooms in Belgrade in 1997 was 62,4%, in 1981 it was 63,0%, in 1991 it was 60.3% and in 2002 it was 53,4%. The percentage of single women grew from 20,4% in 1971 to 24,36% in 2002. Higher educational structure, higher activity rate and women employment, caused their better economic status, but at the same time this reflected ?negatively? in family size, and through it in a total population in the Republic and the town.

scholarly journals Participation of Women in Local and Regional Soviets in Eastern Siberia from 1921 to 1936: Statistical Sources Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-54
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Gennad'evna Karchaeva ◽  
Inna Aleksandrovna Kizhner ◽  
Denis Nikolaevich Gergilev
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Work Ethics ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Background ◽  
Database Technology ◽  
High Level

The article studies how women were becoming participants of the social and political life in the first soviet decades thus proving the socialistic policy to eliminate the class and sex inequality widely spread at the beginning of the 20th century. The article explores the dynamics of Eastern Siberian women’s participation in local Soviets in Russia from 1921 to 1936, their social composition, professionalism and work ethics. To analyze raw data the authors use database technology and statistical methods. Computer technologies provided for processing mass historical sources: party censuses, service records and inquiry forms of civil servants. The authors conclude that the number of women fluctuated between 25% and 33% of the deputies and delegates to the local and regional Soviets (public councils), they lacked proper professional experience and education (about 80% had only primary school education), had peasant or labor class background and could not boast high level of work ethics. Moreover, many women were passive deputies without any visible demonstration of the service. Statistical analysis has demonstrated that women with middle professional education and higher education had higher positions in executive committees of Soviets. They were few in number but they contributed a lot to the developing new administration and government.

Women’s participation in political life in the Arab states

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amel Guettaoui ◽  
Ouafi Hadja
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Constitutional Amendments ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The World

The level of political representation of women in different legislative bodies around the world varies greatly. The women in the Arab world, is that as in other areas of the world, have throughout history experienced discrimination and have been subject to restriction of their freedoms and rights. Many of these practices and limitations are based on cultural and emanate from tradition and not from religion as many people supposed, these main constraints that create an obstacle towards women’s rights and liberties are reflected in the participation of women in political life. Although there are differences between the countries, the Arab region in general is noted for the low participation of women in politics. Universal suffrage has become common in most countries, but there are still some Arab women who are denied such rights. There have been many highly respected female leaders in Arab history, such as Shajar al-Durr (13th century) in Egypt, Queen Orpha (d. 1090) in Yemen. In the modern era there have also been examples of female leadership in Arab countries. However, in Arabic-speaking countries no woman has ever been head of state, although many Arabs remarked on the presence of women such as Jehan Al Sadat, the wife of Anwar El Sadat in Egypt, and Wassila Bourguiba, the wife of Habib Bourguiba in Tunisia, who have strongly influenced their husbands in their dealings with matters of state. Many Arab countries allow women to vote in national elections. The first female Member of Parliament in the Arab world was Rawya Ateya, who was elected in Egypt in 1957. Some countries granted the female franchise in their constitutions following independence, while some extended the franchise to women in later constitutional amendments.

The Gender Factor in the Political Life of Modern India

2014 ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
E. Nikiforova
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
Gender Factor

The article is devoted to the gender issues in contemporary political life of India. Mass protests caused by rape incidents draw political attention to the problem of low women status in India. To provide a broad political participation of women the methods of “positive discrimination” are used. Each party has its own position concerning reservation initiative in order to guard interests of their own voters. There are also some difficulties within the Women’s right movement. Caste or religious minority groups claim amendments to legislation in their favor.

Emotions and Empowerment in Collective Action: The Experience of a Women’s Collective in Oaxaca, Mexico, 2006–2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Poma ◽  
Tommaso Gravante
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
New Woman ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Local Section ◽  
Teachers Union ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Union Section ◽  
The City

In 2006, in the city of Oaxaca in Mexico, the protests of the local section of the teachers’ union (Section XXII-CNTE) turned in a few days to a popular insurrection, which was characterised by the strong participation of women, a group historically excluded and marginalised in Mexican and Oaxaca social and political life. This article analyses the process of empowerment of a group of women who participated in the insurgency and then decided to self-organise as a collective: Mujer Nueva (New Woman). The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of empowerment as a dynamic process and a biographical consequence of protest and activism by analysing the role of different emotions in it.

scholarly journals The Growth of Women’s Role in the Iranian Parliament since the Islamic Revolution of 1979

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Samira Esmaeili
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Government ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
Women Rights

This article discusses the position of women in Iranian political life, enhancing the role of Iranian women policy, the story of their political struggle for the rightful place and role in the country’s political arena, as well as the results achieved by women in public organizations of Iran. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, based on the legitimacy of women’ rights and political participation, the rules and laws in Iran have been reviewed and changes have been made in respect of political rights and participation in the government of this gender group. The article deals with the problem of political participation of women in contemporary Iran, as well as the issue of enhancing their role in the parliament as one of the most important political institutions of the country.

The influence of voting system on electoral participation of women in Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Niewiadomska-Cudak
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Electoral Participation ◽  
Voting Systems ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Political Studies ◽  
Voting System ◽  
The One

Abstract In the research, there was taken an attempt to analyze to which extent the electoral system, currently functioning in Poland, influences electoral participation of women. In the elaboration electoral participation, as a form of political activity will concern realization of suffrage right. The electoral system as a category of political studies analysis is the one of the utmost importance. The matter of scientific understanding of the system concentrates an attention of researchers for a while. The analysis of contemporary voting systems became one of the basic tasks of empirical political studies. It is worth look closer at an mechanism, which became a tool for enhancing a participation of women in political life

scholarly journals Women Workers of St. Petersburg in the Late 19th — early 20th Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 335-348
Author(s):  
I. A. Tropov ◽  
A. V. Fedkin ◽  
A. A. Konkin
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Complex Sphere ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The First World War

The article is devoted to the analysis of the conditions of labor activity, as well as the peculiarities of family life and everyday life of women employed at the enterprises of the factory industry of St. Petersburg in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. At the present stage of development of Russia, there is still a high proportion of female labor in industry, which determines the relevance of the problem under study in order to take into account the historical experience in regulating the complex sphere of labor relations. The question of the main factors in the formation of the female labor force in St. Petersburg during the post-reform period is raised in the article. The industries in which female labor was most widely represented are identified. Issues related to the peculiarities of the professional activity of female workers (working conditions, level of wages, problems of social protection, etc.) are discussed in detail. The circumstances of private, personal life are analyzed, the influence of material factors in the life of workers on the family life is revealed. It is concluded that the contradictions between the new status of a woman, who is able to independently determine her own fate, and the preservation of her unequal position in society, led to the wide participation of women workers in the political life of St. Petersburg during the First World War and the 1917 revolution.

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