The Rules of Prose in Sixteenth-Century China: Tang Shunzhi (1507-1560) as an Anthologist

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-182
Author(s):  
Timothy Robert Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Ancient Literature ◽  
Endless Variety

AbstractThis paper examines the role of the anthologist in late imperial Chinese print culture. Specifically, it focuses on the sixteenth-century anthologist Tang Shunzhi. Tang’s first place finish in the 1529 metropolitan examinations came at a pivotal moment. As commercial anthology printers responded to an expanding reading public by applying readers’ aids such as punctuation and commentary to increasingly diverse textual corpora, Tang’s distinctive method of annotation was used to ‘reveal’ the rules of Ming examination prose operating universally across a seemingly endless variety of texts. At the same time, Tang’s own belief in universal rules of prose was the product of an educational movement to supplement the narrow and monotonous examination curriculum by providing students with anthologies of ancient literature. These two Tangs—one revealing uniformity within diversity, the other revealing diversity within uniformity—highlight contradictory trends toward both stereotypy and diversification within sixteenth-century print culture more broadly.

THE DIASPORA AT HOME: INDIAN VIEWS AND THE MAKING OF ZULEIKHA MAYAT'S PUBLIC VOICE

Africa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thembisa Waetjen ◽  
Goolam Vahed
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Family Enterprises ◽  
The Family ◽  
Diasporic Community ◽  
Narrative Account

ABSTRACTThis article examines how the Gujarati-speaking Muslim trading class in South(ern) Africa was linked as a reading public through a newspaper, Indian Views, which had been founded in early twentieth-century Durban in opposition to Mahatma Gandhi's Indian Opinion. Under the editorship of Moosa Meer (1929–63) it was a conduit for sustaining existing social networks as well as offering common narratives that galvanized an idea of community embracing its geographically disparate readership. Between 1956 and 1963, Zuleikha Mayat, a self-described housewife born in Potchefstroom but married to a medical doctor in Durban whom she ‘met’ through the newspaper, wrote a weekly column that represented one of the first instances of a South African Muslim woman offering her ideas in print. She spoke across gender divides and articulated a moral social vision that accounted for both local and diasporic concerns. This article provides a narrative account of how Mayat came to write for Indian Views, a story that underscores the personal linkages within this diasporic community and, more broadly, how literacy and the family enterprises that constituted local print capitalism provided a material means of sustaining existing networks of village and family. It also reveals the role of newspaper as an interface between public and private spaces in helping to create a community of linguistically related readers who imagined themselves as part of a larger print culture.

REVEALING THE OTHER: MORISCOS, CRIME, AND LOCAL POLITICS IN TOLEDO'S HINTERLAND IN THE LATE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 135-159
Author(s):  
Cristian Berco
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
National Context ◽  
Village Life ◽  
Civil Courts

AbstractThis study examines the treatment of Moriscos in local secular courts as a barometer of their situation in late sixteenth-century Castile. Focusing on a 1575 criminal case in the Toledan village of Yebenes where three Morisco men were accused, and eventually acquitted, of murdering a Christian child found dead in a well, it argues that the impulse to discriminate against them based on prevailing constructions of Moriscos as "others" was diluted in the more urgent concerns of local politics and jurisdiction. Thus, while the national context of the Alpujarras revolt, increased fears of Morisco criminal activity, and growing inquisitorial vigilance over Islamic practices signalled greater government preoccupation with the Morisco problem, jurisdictional conflicts between Toledo and its dependent villages coupled with communal divisions regarding the role of Moriscos in village life subsumed the potential prejudice against the Moriscos and allowed for their acquittal. Although this criminal case might be seen as a mere anomaly in a larger trend towards increased intolerance of Moriscos that would result in the expulsion of 1609, this study argues that the fate of minorities in secular courts might provide greater nuance to a model that has become dogmatically teleological. Because the Inquisition, by its very nature, focused on cultural and religious divergences from orthodoxy, the prevailing use of its sources to examine attitudes towards Moriscos practically guarantees the emergence of a model of otherness rooted in the cultural differences between Moriscos and Old Christians. The largely untapped records of secular courts, on the other hand, might prove a better source for the task because civil courts had no special mandate or interest in addressing issues of religious difference and were thus devoid of an institutionalized drive towards cultural discrimination.

“Russia! What Do You Want of Me?”: The Russian Reading Public in DeadSouls

Slavic Review ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Lounsbery
Keyword(s):  
Print Culture ◽  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Nikolai Gogol ◽  
Total Control ◽  
Dead Souls

This article analyzes the role of Russia's changing readership and incipient print culture in Dead Souls. Though Nikolai Gogol' was received in salon society, his primary allegiance was to print and the broad (and thus unsophisticated) readership that was beginning to buy and read printed texts. Like other of Gogol“s works (“On the Development of Periodical Literature in 1834 and 1835,” “The Portrait”), Dead Souls reflects the author's awareness of the severe limitations of this audience, especially their desire for conventional plot devices and their eagerness for characters with whom to identify. Although Dead Souls invites readers' participation, it also reflects Gogol“s growing skepticism about inexperienced readers' attempts to create meaning, his disdain for their judgment, and his desire to assert total control over the meaning of his art. Lounsbery considers Dead Souls' reception and situates Gogol“s work in the context of the appearance of Library for Reading in 1834 and other writers' approaches to the problem of Russia's reading public (notably Faddei Bulgarin and Osip Senkovskii).

Disaster Nation

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-165
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Kierner
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
American National Identity ◽  
The One ◽  
National Significance

Americans experienced changes in both the quality and quantity of disasters in the post-revolutionary era. On the one hand, they were increasingly vulnerable to new categories of calamities, as fires and epidemics proliferated in the growing cities of the early republic. On the other hand, they inhabited a print-saturated environment in which such episodes were widely reported and sometimes assumed national significance. Focusing primarily on Philadelphia's yellow fever epidemic in 1793 and fires in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Richmond, Virginia, this chapter addresses two related themes: how U.S. leaders envisioned the role of the state in disaster relief and how disaster stories contributed to the creation of an American national identity. It shows that by publicizing private philanthropic efforts that arose in response to disasters, print culture encouraged readers to see themselves as virtuous and charitable, even as their government rejected the British model of state-sponsored humanitarian aid, and that by chronicling the suffering of individuals, increasingly sensational accounts encouraged readers to see disasters as personal tragedies rather than public problems.

Rhetoric and Pedagogy

2014 ◽  
pp. 408-422
Author(s):  
Peter Mack
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University ◽  
Writing Exercises ◽  
The Way

Rhetoric manuals make sense only related to the school syllabuses in which they were taught. To understand how the textbooks were used we need to study the other texts, the way they were read, and the writing exercises schools prescribed. This chapter focuses on local examples of the role rhetoric played in school and university syllabuses in the Renaissance. It analyzes the role of rhetoric teaching in the school of Guarino in Verona and Ferrara 1418–60; Italian schools and universities of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; the University of Paris in the early and middle sixteenth century; Johann Sturm’s school in Strasbourg 1538–81; Elizabethan grammar schools and universities; German grammar schools, specifically the 1580 Krems statutes; and the 1599 Jesuit Ratio Studiorum. The chapter makes a plea for many more local studies to provide more detailed information about the range of ways rhetoric was employed in Renaissance education.

scholarly journals Contrastive grammar in the Renaissance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raf Van Rooy
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Grammar

Abstract This paper focuses on how Jean Pillot, author of the most popular French grammar of the sixteenth century in terms of editions, took efforts to contrast his native language with Greek. His Gallicæ linguæ institutio (1550/1561), although written in Latin, contains numerous passages where Pillot subtly confronted French with Greek, surveyed in Section 2, in order to give his audience of educated German speakers a clearer view of the idiosyncrasies of French. In Section 3, I analyze why he preferred Greek to the other languages he knew in quite a number of cases, arguing that this subtle contrastive endeavor bore an indirect pedagogical and ideological load. Section 4 discusses the terminological means Pillot used to confront Greek with French, and their origins. In Section 5, I frame Pillot’s appropriation of Greek grammar in the long history of contrastive language studies, with special reference to the pivotal role of sixteenth-century linguistic analysis.

Textual Transmission of Earlier Literature during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai-Yee Li
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Textual Transmission ◽  
Ming And Qing Dynasties ◽  
Political Legitimation

Classical Chinese literature exerts a powerful hold on readers and writers in later periods. The question of how earlier literature was preserved, classified, anthologized, and distributed is vital for understanding how authors defined their creative and interpretive endeavors during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Printing expanded, with a dramatic increase in numbers and variety in the sixteenth century. For many of the texts discussed in our volume, the earliest extant editions or reconstituted versions date from the Ming dynasty, and many important commentaries and annotations were produced during the late imperial period. Encyclopedias and collectanea show how tradition is repackaged. Political legitimation is bound up with state-sponsored comprehensive collections and encyclopedias. Anthologies of earlier literature and commentaries on them yield insights into literary trends in later periods. Primers and textbooks demonstrate the role of classical literature in acquiring basic linguistic and literary competence.

Literacy

Yiddish ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 120-138
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shandler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
International Language ◽  
Market Driven ◽  
Low Culture ◽  
Print Publications

This chapter examines the role of print publications in Yiddish, beginning in the sixteenth century. Print stabilized Yiddish and also endowed it with an elasticity that was unprecedented in diaspora Jewish vernaculars, enabling it to traverse all of northern Europe. As a largely market-driven phenomenon, Yiddish eventually became an international language read by millions. Its print culture ran the gamut of Jewish ideologies and extended across the spectrum of high and low culture. The place of Yiddish in the shifting constellation of languages engaged by Ashkenazim is reflected in translations into and out of Yiddish, as well as in multilingual texts.

Industrial Policy

1943 ◽  
Vol 3 (S1) ◽  
pp. 108-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
German State ◽  
The World ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
The One ◽  
Power Needs

German imperial expansion, begun under Bismarck, swiftly unfolded with the aid of industrial technology along lines that adapted it ideally for the organization, not of a national state, but of a continent or even the world. In this fact lies a major contrast between the neo-mercantilism which followed 1879 and the cameralism borrowed from the Burgundians by the German princes in the sixteenth century. The system extolled by Becher was designed to meet the power needs of dwarf states perpetually torn, by a mule-and-the-two-haystacks dilemma, between the fractioning particularism of the lay princes on the one hand, and the centrifugal pull of a meaningless imperial universalism on the other. The ‘new age’ for which, as Schulze- Gavaernitz once remarked, Bismarck played the role of ‘obstetrician,’ employed a machinery for internal unification that fitted the national—in particular the German—state almost as badly as it did the political fractions of which it was compounded.

Plasma Levels of Protein S, Protein C, and Factor X: Effects of Sex, Hormonal State and Age

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (05) ◽  
pp. 1271-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M A Henkens ◽  
V J J Bom ◽  
W van der Schaaf ◽  
P M Pelsma ◽  
C Th Smit Sibinga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Protein S ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Normal Ranges

SummaryWe measured total and free protein S (PS), protein C (PC) and factor X (FX) in 393 healthy blood donors to assess differences in relation to sex, hormonal state and age. All measured proteins were lower in women as compared to men, as were levels in premenopausal women as compared to postmenopausal women. Multiple regression analysis showed that both age and subgroup (men, pre- and postmenopausal women) were of significance for the levels of total and free PS and PC, the subgroup effect being caused by the differences between the premenopausal women and the other groups. This indicates a role of sex-hormones, most likely estrogens, in the regulation of levels of pro- and anticoagulant factors under physiologic conditions. These differences should be taken into account in daily clinical practice and may necessitate different normal ranges for men, pre- and postmenopausal women.

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