A Guide to Mandarin, in Manchu: on a Partial Translation of Guanhua zhinan (1882) and Its Historical Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Mårten Söderblom Saarela
Keyword(s):  
Original Composition ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
National Language ◽  
Chinese Texts ◽  
Partial Translation

Abstract This paper describes and contextualizes Guwan hûwa jy nan, a partial Manchu translation, hitherto unidentified as such, of a Japanese-authored Mandarin primer —Guanhua zhinan—from 1882. In so doing, the paper will highlight certain characteristics of the language primer in Northeast Asia and their consequences for our conceptualization of Mandarin Chinese as China’s national language. East Asian primers in dialogue form moved between communities of readers and even languages with remarkable ease. Not only did the same Chinese texts reach places far apart, they were also adapted for the teaching of languages entirely different from those of their original composition. The Manchu translation of the Japanese Mandarin primer is one example of this phenomenon. It represents the confluence of a pedagogical tradition of teaching the Qing dynastic language and a growing foreign interest in Beijing Chinese, manifest here through the text’s origin in the Meiji government’s interpreter corps.

East Asian Exceptionalism to Western Populism and Migration Crisis

2018 ◽  
pp. 196-210
Author(s):  
John Lie
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The World ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
And Migration

In the 2010s, the world is seemingly awash with waves of populism and anti-immigration movements. Yet virtually all discussions, owing to the prevailing Eurocentric perspective, bypass East Asia (more accurately, Northeast Asia) and the absence of strong populist or anti-immigration discourses or politics. This chapter presents a comparative and historical account of East Asian exceptionalism in the matter of migration crisis, especially given the West’s embrace of an insider-outsider dichotomy superseding the class- and nation-based divisions of the post–World War II era. The chapter also discusses some nascent articulations of Western-style populist discourses in Northeast Asia, and concludes with the potential for migration crisis in the region.

Core Texts of the Sŏn Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Broughton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Zen Buddhism ◽  
The West ◽  
Mental Operation ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Asian History ◽  
Partial Translation

The book is a study and partial translation of Core Texts of the Sŏn Approach (Sŏnmun ch’waryo), a Korean anthology of key texts foundational to Korean Sŏn (Chan/Zen) Buddhism. This anthology provides a convenient entrée to two fundamental themes of Korean Sŏn: Sŏn vis-à-vis the doctrinal teachings (in which Sŏn is shown to be superior); and the huatou (Korean hwadu) method of practice-work popularized by the Song dynasty Chan master Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163). This method consists of “lifting to awareness” or “keeping an eye on” the huatou or phrase, usually the word wu無‎/No (Korean mu). No mental operation whatsoever is to be performed upon the huatou. The practitioner simply lifts the huatou to awareness constantly, twenty-four hours a day. Core Texts of the Sŏn Approach, which was published in Korea during the first decade of the twentieth century, attempts to encapsulate the entire Korean Sŏn tradition in one convenient volume (and thus functions as a sort of vade mecum). It contains eight Chan texts by Chinese authors and seven Sŏn texts by Korean authors, showing the organic relationship between the parent Chinese Chan tradition and its heir Korean Sŏn. Due to the circumstances of modern East Asian history, Korean Sŏn is much less well-known in the West than Japanese Zen. This book will give readers access to a broad sweep of texts of the Korean branch of this school of East Asian Buddhism.

Substantive Provisions of the East Asian Trilateral Investment Agreement and their Implications

2019 ◽  
pp. 222-242
Author(s):  
Won-Mog Choi
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Investment Promotion ◽  
Investment Agreement ◽  
Northeast Asian ◽  
Regulatory Actions

The Korea–China–Japan Investment Promotion, Facilitation and Protection Agreement is the first treaty in the economic field that binds the three Northeast Asian countries together under a single legal instrument. The existence of effective dispute settlement procedures under the treaty will contribute to the creation of a favourable investment climate in the host country. Nevertheless, there have been fears about frivolous or vexatious claims that could inhibit legitimate regulatory actions by governments. How to compose an investment chapter of the Korea–China–Japan FTA that is being negotiated is a pressing demand for all in the region. Any pertinent answers to such a quest require a thorough comparison of the benefits and drawbacks of any development of relevant rules and governance. In the end, a quest for better international investment governance in Northeast Asia in the future requires sound evaluation of lessons from the past and present.

The Evolution of APEC and ASEM: Implications of the New East Asian Bilateralism

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Gyo Koo ◽  
Vinod Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Trading Bloc ◽  
The Us ◽  
Market Driven ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe traditional institutional equilibrium in East Asia—the embrace of the WTO at the multilateral level and a focus on market-driven, informal integration at the sub-multilateral level—is under heavy strain. Increasingly, East Asian countries are pursuing greater institutionalisation at the sub-multilateral level, weaving a web of preferential arrangements in response to similar strategies pursued by the US and the EU. This article examines the likely path of trading arrangements in Northeast Asia, its implications for East Asia and the future of APEC and ASEM. We propose an institutional bargaining game approach, focusing on goods, countries' individual bargaining situations and the fit with existing arrangements, and allowing an exploration of the evolution of trading arrangements in East Asia. An East Asian trading bloc has both benign and pernicious elements, depending on the ideas and beliefs held by regional actors. The contribution of a prospective East Asian bloc to APEC and ASEM primarily depends on the balance of interests between the US and the EU concerning East Asia. In view of the tremendous political and economic uncertainty in the global economy, the path to freer trade in Northeast Asia, East Asia and the world system is likely to be a bumpy one.

scholarly journals The East Asian Model of Economic Development and Developing Countries

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong H. Park
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
The Government ◽  
East Asian Economies

This paper examines the debate on the East Asian model of economic development in light of the different approaches undertaken by different groups of countries (economies) in Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. The common strengths and weaknesses shared by the East Asian countries (economies) have helped to reinforce the misconception that there is a single East Asian model of economic development. There are, however, significant differences in economic structures as well as development experiences among the East Asian economies, especially between the economic development paradigms of Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia. Nonetheless, one single common thread underlies the differences in development strategies and experiences among the East Asian economies—the role of the government. The governments of East Asia have recognized the limitations of markets (or market failures) in the allocation of scarce resources in the economy, and have used government interventions to promote economic development. The recent Asian crisis hardly signifies the end of the so-called East Asian model of economic development.

scholarly journals Comparative systematics and phylogeography of Quercus Section Cerris in western Eurasia: inferences from plastid and nuclear DNA variation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Cosimo Simeone ◽  
Simone Cardoni ◽  
Roberta Piredda ◽  
Francesca Imperatori ◽  
Michael Avishai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Eurasian Lineage ◽  
Taxonomic Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotypes ◽  
Western Eurasia

Oaks (Quercus) comprise more than 400 species worldwide and centres of diversity for most sections lie in the Americas and East/Southeast Asia. The only exception is the Eurasian Sect. Cerris that comprises 15 species, a dozen of which are confined to western Eurasia. This section has not been comprehensively studied using molecular tools. Here, we assess species diversity and reconstruct a first comprehensive taxonomic scheme of western Eurasian members of Sect. Cerris using plastid (trnH-psbA) and nuclear (5S-IGS) DNA variation with a dense intra-specific and geographic sampling. Chloroplast haplotypes primarily reflected geographic patterns of species coevolution within Sect. Cerris and its sister section Ilex. We identified two widespread and ancestral haplotypes, and less common, locally restricted, derived variants. Signatures shared with Mediterranean species of Sect. Ilex, but not with the East Asian Cerris siblings, suggest that the western Eurasian lineage came into contact with Ilex only after the first (early Oligocene) members of Sect. Cerris in Northeast Asia had begun to radiate and move westwards. Nuclear 5S-IGS diversification patterns were more efficient for establishing a molecular-taxonomic framework and to reveal hybridization and reticulation processes. Four main evolutionary lineages were identified. The first lineage comprises Q. libani, Q. trojana and Q. afares and appears to be closest to the root of Sect. Cerris. These taxa are morphologically most similar to the East Asian species of Cerris, and to both Oligocene and Miocene fossils of East Asia and Miocene fossils of western Eurasia. The second lineage is mainly composed of the widespread Q. cerris and the narrow endemic species Q. castaneifolia, Q. look, and Q. euboica. The third lineage comprises three Near East species (Q. brantii, Q. ithaburensis and Q. macrolepis), well adapted to continental climates with cold winters. The forth lineage appears the most derived and comprises Q. suber, the cork oak, and Q. crenata. Quercus cerris and Q. trojana displayed exceptional levels of variation; Q. macrolepis and Q. euboica, previously treated as subspecies of Q. ithaburensis and Q. trojana, likely deserve an independent species status. A trend towards inter-specific crosses was detected in several taxa; however, we found no clear evidence of a hybrid origin of Q. afares and Q. crenata, as currently assumed. Phylogeographic inferences on the origin and diversification of Quercus Sect. Cerris are provided to fill an important gap in the knowledge of oak diversity and evolution.

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