Reconceptualization of “Brain Drain”

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-314
Author(s):  
Li Zong ◽  
Yixi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Highly Educated

AbstractTraditional approach to the issue of “brain drain” and “brain gain” focuses on outflow and inflow of migration of academics and professionals between countries of origins and destinations. It is suggested that, in the international labor market, the developing countries have experienced the problem of brain drain while the developed countries have benefited from brain gain in the process of globalization and international mobility of talent. From this perspective, “brain drain” or “brain gain” is primarily measured by the number of talented people who have “moved in” or “moved out” of a country, but not the extent to which the “brain” has been utilized. This study redefines the notion of “brain drain” by focusing on the actual utilization of professional talents. Previous research findings show that despite attractive Canadian immigration policy and the increasing number of professional immigrants, Canada as a developed country has the problem of “brain waste” due to its systemic barriers such as the devaluation of foreign credentials and non-recognition of foreign work experience for professional Chinese immigrants. At the same time, China as a developing country has benefited from contributions made by highly educated professionals/students returning to their home country through its attractive and rewarding opportunities for those who have attained knowledge and skills from overseas. China has become a model of “brain gain” for developing countries by implementing a series of open and favorable policies to attract top-notch overseas Chinese and foreign talents to help promote the economic development and global competitiveness of the nation.

scholarly journals Brain Circulation, the Phenomenon and Challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Lajda Bana
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
The People ◽  
The Brain

The world of today which seeks globalization, while the economic inequality, corruption, political instability, and moreover wars prevail, it is always associated with the movement of people towards what might be called the ‘best for their future’. This movement is not just a mechanical action, but is a phenomenon associated with social, economic and political consequences not only to the country of origin but also for the host country. The departure of the people from their land is a well-known and proven phenomenon mainly of the developing countries. This phenomenon includes also the so-called brain drain emigration, the departure of skilled people, professionals and researchers from their own country to other places. The brain drain is not only a phenomenon that belongs to developing countries, or former communist states, or those countries in war, but it can also affect the developed Western countries. Brain drain does not always constitute a brain gain in the host country. In most of the cases, people who have to leave the countries in political instability or former communist countries, even if they are qualified and holders of university degrees, they are obliged to work in humble jobs which can be simply exercised by persons without university qualifications. Consequently, the brain drain phenomenon is not automatically turned into a benefit 'brain gain' for the host country; on the contrary, it might even be turned into the so-called brain-waste. A social challenge in this context remains the turn of "brain drain" into "brain gain" or "brain circulation". Therefore, one of the current priorities for governments is to create effective economic and social conditions which would enhance the integration of the graduates, researchers and professionals into their national and regional markets

scholarly journals PO 8573 RESEARCH, MENTORSHIP AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: IS RETIREMENT AGE A HURDLE TO RESEARCH SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICA?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A56.1-A56
Author(s):  
Esther Ngadaya ◽  
Andrew Kitua ◽  
Barbara Castelnuovo ◽  
Blandina T Mmbaga ◽  
Leonard Mboera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Career Development ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Generating Capacity ◽  
Research Scientists

BackgroundRetirement age in most of sub-Saharan Africa is between 55 and 60 years, even in academic and research institutions. There is no mechanism to retain even the few most experienced and outstanding among them. There is evidence that institutions retaining experienced researchers access better large research grants.MethodsWe conducted literature review and shared views and experiences among peer research scientistsResultsMost African scientists obtain their first degrees aged 25–30 years. Economic needs compounded with work experience requirements for PhD studies delay their research career development such that most PhD graduates are 40–50 years of age. However, unlike in the developed world where the majority acquire their PhDs in their late 20’s or early 30’s, there is no mechanism to retain them longer at work to maximise their contributions to scientific developments. Instead, African scientists are forced to retire young at 60 years of age. On the contrary, developed countries scientists graduate earlier, work longer and have retention mechanisms even after retirement. African countries do not consider retaining even the few who have demonstrated outstanding performance. Consequently, outstanding research scientists retire at the time when they are needed most. They seek and get jobs abroad or in externally owned projects (brain drain). Their decade or so of work, generates more resources abroad, depriving Africa of resource generating capacity. Secondly, retiring at the height of their performance is economically counterproductive. Thirdly, this affects negatively the career development of young scientists for lack of experienced supervisors and mentors.ConclusionAfrica must rethink the retirement age of its research scientists and create incentives to retain outstanding research scientists who reach retirement age. This is urgently needed to stop brain drain, contribute to economic development, and accelerate ongoing efforts to build sustainable research capacity and mentorship programmes in Africa.

Applying Environmental Interpretation in Protected Areas of Developing Countries: Problems in Exporting a US Model

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam H. Ham ◽  
David S. Sutherland ◽  
Richard A. Meganck
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Working At Home ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
State Of Affairs

Interpretation is most effective when its form and content are adapted to the situations in which it will be presented. Although many developed countries have a long and rich tradition of interpretation, the physical, financial, and socio-economic, differences among and within developing nations suggest that this tradition will not always apply there. As our colleagues in developing countries look for interchange and suggestions, the temptation to impose our model—and the difficulty for them to accept it—will be great.Interpreters in developing countries need to pursue a different model—one which gives relative emphasis to interpretation's role in strategic environmental education for target audiences. Though not altogether excluding the visitor service function that is frequently emphasized in US protected areas, interpretive programmes in many developing countries are often included as just one component of country-wide environmental education master-plans aimed at establishing sustainable development as a national ideology.Host countries sometimes accept the conventional model too readily, often because the only available training materials are translated from these sources. When application falls short of expectations, in-country interpreters usually blame themselves or conclude that interpretation ‘just isn't for us—rather than questioning the model they have been handed. Universities must also share some of the responsibility for this sorry state of affairs. International students studying at US or European institutions sometimes return home better prepared to work as interpreters in those countries’ protected areas than in those in their own countries. Trainers and teachers, whether working at home or elsewhere, need to do a better job of listening to their students. They need to learn what it is like to be an interpreter in that student's country, and they need to learn what it is like to be part of the audience. Would we accept anything less of our own mentors and interpretive trainers?Clearly, a superior strategy to exporting our model of interpretation is to assist developing countries in arriving at their own. Over many decades, interpreters in the US and other developed countries have developed a profound knowledge about their craft. Although much of it will not apply everywhere, some of our ideas may have widespread application. The key will be to determine which ones these are. Working with our developed country colleagues, learning with them and through them, we can explore together a range of possibilities that neither of us is able to envision alone. Filtered through our cultures and individual realities, the ideas which have merit will be identified and put to test. Others will be rejected. In the very best scenario, both parties will learn, and sustainable environmental quality will be the result.

scholarly journals The TRIPS Article 31 Tug of War Developing Country Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Patents and Developed Country Retaliation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Volman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Restrictive Measures

My dissertation examines compulsory licensing under Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement by looking at the use of such licensing by developing countries, as well as retaliatory and restrictive measures imposed by developed countries. In doing so, it looks at the right to health, and price and intellectual property considerations for access to medicines in developing countries. It further explores the TRIPS compulsory licensing rules themselves to present compulsory licensing as a legitimate, and at times necessary, policy measure under international law. Then, it examines how compulsory licensing has been used and restricted since TRIPS, and how the compulsory licence relates to voluntary licensing and international free trade agreements, both of which are factors for the development of compulsory licensing strategies in developing countries.

Dichotomous impacts on social and environmental sustainability: competitiveness and development levels matter

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Doyle ◽  
Mauricio Perez Alaniz
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Development Levels

Purpose Whereas in developed countries, sustainability primarily focuses on environmental topics, in developing countries the issues of poverty, development and equity are equally, if not more, important. The purpose of this paper is to apply measures of social and environmental sustainability to assess sustainable development for the period 2005–2015 across a sample of 94 countries for which relevant data are available. Countries include two groups: developed and developing countries. Design/methodology/approach Using the index-based approach introduced by the World Economic Forum in its Global Competitiveness Project, a range of indicators are collected for estimating trends in both social and environmental sustainability. For the panel of data identified, a dynamic panel data estimator method is applied to the data set constructed. This paper presents the empirical results identifying key competitiveness factors related to social and environmental sustainability (separately and combining both aspects in a comprehensive sustainability framework). Findings This study explores how sustainable competitiveness offers a comprehensive assessment of the inter-related dynamics of the social, the environmental and economic building blocks of sustainable development simultaneously. Performance impacts are found to differ substantially across two groups of countries depending on their development level. This highlights the challenges in shaping and achieving sustainable development goals. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is novel in examining the intersections between economic competitiveness and environmental and social sustainability addressing an identified research gap. In addition, the paper investigates the most important competitiveness pillars focusing on both strengths and weaknesses in sustainable competitiveness across developed and developing countries.

scholarly journals A Breakdown of Developed Countries’ Public Climate Finance Contributions Towards the $100 Billion Goal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Thwaites ◽  
Julie Bos
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Climate Finance ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
The Individual

In 2009, as part of the Copenhagen Accord, developed countries committed to collectively mobilizing $100 billion annually in climate finance by 2020 to support developing countries in reducing emissions and adapting to climate change. This commitment is foundational to the “grand bargain” behind the Paris Agreement: that all countries would commit to more ambitious climate action but developing countries would require enhanced support from developed countries to do so. The $100 billion is a collective commitment by developed countries, and meeting it will require them all to do their part. Over the past decade, there have been several assessments of aggregate progress towards the goal, but until now, no data set has attempted to comprehensively break down each country’s full public financial contribution. This technical note aims to fill this gap, increasing transparency and accountability around progress towards the $100 billion commitment by breaking down how much each developed country has contributed in public climate finance between 2013 and 2018, the most recent year for which comprehensive data are available. The individual breakdowns are then used to assess how countries’ efforts compare using a variety of metrics. The methodology for breaking down and analyzing individual country contributions can be applied to future climate finance data. To improve accountability of countries’ contributions towards the $100 billion commitment, this technical note identified several methodological barriers that need to be addressed in future climate finance reporting efforts.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Brain Drain Effect in Developing Countries: A Higher Education Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghav Sriram
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
The Brain

Frédéric Docquier, professor of Economics at Université Catholique de Louvain and researcher in migration and its economic effects, defines the “brain drain effect” as the transfer and migration of highly educated individuals from developing to developed countries. While the brain drain effect does present concern for richer more developed countries in terms of the native population’s job security and employment, it has a much more detrimental effect on poorer developing countries1 Once a high-skilled professional migrates out of their developing country after the time and money put in their training, they pay no taxes back to their home country and overall contribute no economic benefit.1 Furthermore, this can lead to shortages of manpower in certain professions due to the disproportionally large population of health professionals and engineers who emigrate, undermining a country’s ability to adopt new technologies and limits a developing nation’s growth potential. In 2010 there were 27.3 million foreign-born workers with higher education living in countries part of the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) with two-thirds of these high-skilled immigrants coming from developing countries, a 70% increase in ten years. This increase comes despite developing countries efforts in establishing and investing in infrastructure and education and the promotion of incentives to attract back high-skilled immigrants to their home countries.In many Middle Eastern countries, higher education fails to address the domestic issues within its country but rather the problems in other societies leading to an unfit workforce and the migration of thousands. Seeing as the effects of brain drain in developing countries are growing each year, changes must be made within post-secondary education in developing countries in order to retain a higher percentage of high-skilled educated persons.

Developing an understanding of the determinants, disclosures, and outcomes of CSR practices – a focus on developed and developing countries: a past review of 10 years

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanzeela Aqif ◽  
Abdul Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Purpose The increased awareness among consumers and strong competition have forced companies to put extra efforts and fulfill their social responsibility along with earning profits. The research aims to review corporate social responsibility (CSR)-related literature specifically determinants, outcomes and disclosure of CSR while adapting a comparative approach for developing and developed countries. Design/methodology/approach Based on theoretical frameworks of CSR, the authors have reviewed past studies conducted in past 10 years. While using keywords and synonyms, the databases such as JSTOR, Emerald, SpringerLink and ScienceDirect were used for searching impact factor and Scopus journals. Thematic analysis has been used as a method in the paper while identifying the key themes in study and presented them separately. Only those articles have been included which have key words in abstract. The review has been done while using logical process to improve inter-rater reliability. The key databased have been used to cover articles from multiple and diverse domains. The authors studied the key themes of literature found and identified the gaps. The paper has also incorporated the comments of authors who conducted credible studies. Findings It has been found that there are different determinants which lead the companies to involve in CSR practices in developing and developed countries. It has also been found that consumers are more aware about CSR in developed countries which effects the CSR decisions by firms. There is lack of literature available in developing states and researchers have been focused to conduct studies mainly developed countries such as in Europe and USA. Mostly the CSR behavior of companies has been linked with their financial and reputational benefits in empirical studies. There is large gap in literature on CSR involvement in small companies. The authors have developed and presented model which provides comparison of determinants leading toward CSR involvement by companies in developed and developing countries. Another framework has been developed which summarized all the factors which force the company to take part in CSR activities. Practical implications The study has made significant contribution toward research field and summarized the determinants based on social and economic factors of countries. The study also presented the comparison between CSR in developing and developed country which is valuable contribution by the authors. The study has also found lack of progress in theory development in this area which needs further attention by researchers. The authors have developed a model and framework which will contribute in field of CSR. Originality/value This is the review paper which provides integrated view of literature regarding determinants, outcomes and disclosure of CSR in developing countries while using a comparative approach.

Theorising free capital mobility: the perspective of developing countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 2519-2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI SHENG
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Capital Mobility ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Strategic Bargaining ◽  
First Mover Advantage ◽  
Simple Economic ◽  
First Mover

AbstractUsing a simple economic model, this article illustrates the greatly diverging interests and preferences of developed and developing countries with regards to capital mobility. Theoretically, developed countries' gain from free capital mobility likely comes at the expense of risk and loss for developing countries due to the latter's financial vulnerability. It is also found that it does not pay for a developed country to push its developing counterparts into prematurely liberalising their capital markets because this type of impatience reduces the developed country's own first-mover advantage in strategic bargaining for capital mobility benefits.

The Effects of Brand Cognition Process in Automobile Marketing in the Developed Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Gautam Dutta ◽  
Abhishek Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Marketing Managers ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Foreign Brands ◽  
Practical Level

The developed country consumers actually build up three types of barriers while acknowledging inconspicuous automobile brands from developing countries which almost act linearly in three successive phases of brand cognition. These barriers create three types of quantifiable psychological distances. This article, in the backdrop of an Indian automobile brand's marketing endeavor in USA, details the underlying psychological reasons towards ignoring inconspicuous foreign brands of developing countries and quantifies psychological distances for the Indian automobile brand understudy. This article also shows a way to bring the theoretical understanding of COO based brand cognition process to a practical level which the marketing managers of developing countries can use while extending their brands to the developed country markets.

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