Temporal Averaging in Response to Change

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Matell ◽  
Benjamin J. De Corte ◽  
Thomas Kerrigan ◽  
Christine M. DeLussey
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Recent Information ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Timing System ◽  
Temporal Averaging ◽  
Response To Change ◽  
Reinforcement Availability

We have previously found that when rats are simultaneously presented with two different cues that signify possible reinforcement availability at two different times, they will respond as though they are timing an intermediate duration. We have interpreted this result as indicating that rats deal with conflicting temporal information by averaging these temporal expectations. In the present work, we show that rats update their temporal expectations when temporal cues change during a trial, producing a normally shaped, unimodal peak in responding at a time in between the reinforced times. These peaks are approximately scalar, suggesting that the rats are timing a single expectation. These data are consistent with a timing system that generates a weighted average of conflicting temporal expectancies, with greater weight given to more recent information sources.

scholarly journals The Development of Infants’ Expectations for Event Timing

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle J. Comishen ◽  
Scott A. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Anticipatory Eye Movements ◽  
Event Timing ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Temporal Events ◽  
The Right ◽  
Visual Expectation

The capacity to process and incorporate temporal information into behavioural decisions is an integral component for functioning in our environment. Whereas previous research has extended adults’ temporal processing capacity down the developmental timeline to infants, little research has examined infants’ capacity to use that temporal information in guiding their future behaviours and whether this capacity can detect event-timing differences on the order of milliseconds. The present study examined 3- and 6-month-old infants’ ability to process temporal durations of 700 and 1200 milliseconds by means of the Visual Expectation Cueing Paradigm in which the duration of a central stimulus predicted either a target appearing on the left or on the right of a screen. If 3- and 6-month-old infants could discriminate the milliseconds difference between the centrally-presented temporal cues, then they would correctly make anticipatory eye movements to the proper target location at a rate above chance. Results indicated that 6- but not 3-month-olds successfully discriminated and incorporated events’ temporal information into their visual expectations. Brain maturation and the perceptual capacity to discriminate the relative timing values of temporal events may account for these findings. This developmental limitation in processing and discriminating events on the scale of milliseconds, consequently, may be a limiting factor for attentional and cognitive development that has not previously been explored.

scholarly journals The development of auditory temporal processing during the first year of life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurianne Cabrera ◽  
Bonnie K. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
First Year ◽  
Auditory Temporal Processing ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
Psychophysical Studies ◽  
First Year Of Life

The processing of auditory temporal information is important for the extraction of voice pitch, linguistic information, as well as the overall temporal structure of speech. However, many aspects regarding its early development remains not well understood. This paper reviews the development of different aspects of auditory temporal processing during the first year of life when infants are acquiring their native language. First, potential mechanisms of neural immaturity are discussed in the context of neurophysiological studies. Next, what is known about infant auditory capabilities is considered with a focus on psychophysical studies involving non-speech stimuli to investigate the perception of temporal fine structure and envelope cues. This is followed by a review of studies involving speech stimuli, including those that present vocoded signals as a method of degrading the spectro-temporal information available to infant listeners. Finally, we highlight key findings from the cochlear implant literature that illustrate the importance of temporal cues in speech perception.

Multichannel Compression, Temporal Cues, and Audibility

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela E. Souza ◽  
Christopher W. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Spectral Information ◽  
Channel Noise ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Correlated Noise ◽  
Compressed Speech ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Speech Envelope

Although multichannel compression systems are quickly becoming integral components of programmable hearing aids, research results have not consistently demonstrated their benefit over conventional amplification. The present study examined two confounding factors that may have contributed to this inconsistency in results: alteration of temporal information and audibility of speech cues. Recognition of linearly amplified and multichannel-compressed speech was measured for listeners with mild-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss and for a control group of listeners with normal hearing. In addition to the standard speech signal, which provided both temporal and spectral information, the listener's ability to use temporal information in a multichannel compressed signal was directly tested using a signal-correlated noise (SCN) stimulus. This stimulus consisted of a time-varying speech envelope modulating a two-channel noise carrier. It preserved temporal cues but provided minimal spectral information. For each stimulus condition, short-term level measurements were used to determine the range of audible speech. Multichannel compression improved speech recognition under conditions where superior audibility was provided by the twochannel compression system over linear amplification. When audibility of both linearly amplified and multichannel-compressed speech was maximized, the multichannel compression had no significant effect on speech recognition score for speech containing both temporal and spectral cues. However, results for the SCN stimuli show that more extreme amounts of multichannel compression can reduce use of temporal information.

scholarly journals A Survey on Temporal Reasoning for Temporal Information Extraction from Text

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 341-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artuur Leeuwenberg ◽  
Marie-Francine Moens
Keyword(s):  
Information Extraction ◽  
Temporal Reasoning ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Temporal Information Extraction ◽  
Current Systems

Time is deeply woven into how people perceive, and communicate about the world. Almost unconsciously, we provide our language utterances with temporal cues, like verb tenses, and we can hardly produce sentences without such cues. Extracting temporal cues from text, and constructing a global temporal view about the order of described events is a major challenge of automatic natural language understanding. Temporal reasoning, the process of combining different temporal cues into a coherent temporal view, plays a central role in temporal information extraction. This article presents a comprehensive survey of the research from the past decades on temporal reasoning for automatic temporal information extraction from text, providing a case study on how combining symbolic reasoning with machine learning-based information extraction systems can improve performance. It gives a clear overview of the used methodologies for temporal reasoning, and explains how temporal reasoning can be, and has been successfully integrated into temporal information extraction systems. Based on the distillation of existing work, this survey also suggests currently unexplored research areas. We argue that the level of temporal reasoning that current systems use is still incomplete for the full task of temporal information extraction, and that a deeper understanding of how the various types of temporal information can be integrated into temporal reasoning is required to drive future research in this area.

Evolution and Design of Invertebrate Circadian Clocks

2017 ◽  
pp. 594-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu H. Lam ◽  
Joanna C. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Neuronal Network ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Endogenous Timing ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Timing System

Invertebrates are an incredibly diverse group of animals that come in all shapes and sizes, and live in a wide range of habitats. In order for all these organisms to perform optimally, they need to organize their daily activities and physiology around the perpetuating day-night cycles that exist on Earth. The circadian clock is the endogenous timing system that enables organisms to anticipate daily environmental cycles and governs these roughly 24-hour cellular and overt rhythms. Given its importance to organismal performance and coordination with external environment, it is not surprising that the circadian clock is believed to be ubiquitous in invertebrates. This chapter will discuss the evolution and molecular designs of the invertebrate circadian clocks and describe our current understanding of the circadian clock neuronal network responsible for interpreting external temporal cues and coordinating cellular and physiological rhythms.

scholarly journals Speech Fine Structure Contains Critical Temporal Cues to Support Speech Segmentation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangbin Teng ◽  
Gregory Cogan ◽  
David Poeppel
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Speech Segmentation ◽  
Speech Signals ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
Synthetic View ◽  
Mutual Information Analysis

Segmenting the continuous speech stream into units for further perceptual and linguistic analyses is fundamental to speech recognition. The speech amplitude envelope (SE) has long been considered a fundamental temporal cue for segmenting speech. Does the temporal fine structure (TFS), a significant part of speech signals often considered to contain primarily spectral information, contribute to speech segmentation? Using magnetoencephalography, we show that the TFS entrains cortical oscillatory responses between 3-6 Hz and demonstrate, using mutual information analysis, that (i) the temporal information in the TFS can be reconstructed from a measure of frame-to-frame spectral change and correlates with the SE and (ii) that spectral resolution is key to the extraction of such temporal information. Furthermore, we show behavioural evidence that, when the SE is temporally distorted, the TFS provides cues for speech segmentation and aids speech recognition significantly. Our findings show that it is insufficient to investigate solely the SE to understand temporal speech segmentation, as the SE and the TFS derived from a band-filtering method convey comparable, if not inseparable, temporal information. We argue for a more synthetic view of speech segmentation — the auditory system groups speech signals coherently in both temporal and spectral domains.

Older Listeners' Use of Temporal Cues Altered by Compression Amplification

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela E. Souza
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Spectral Information ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Age Related

This study compared the ability of younger and older listeners to use temporal information in speech when that information was altered by compression amplification. Recognition of vowel-consonant-vowel syllables was measured for four groups of adult listeners (younger normal hearing, older normal hearing, younger hearing impaired, older hearing impaired). There were four conditions. Syllables were processed with wide-dynamic range compression (WDRC) amplification and with linear amplification. In each of those conditions, recognition was measured for syllables containing only temporal information and for syllables containing spectral and temporal information. Recognition of WDRC-amplified speech provided an estimate of the ability to use altered amplitude envelope cues. Syllables were presented with a high-frequency masker to minimize confounding differences in high-frequency sensitivity between the younger and older groups. Scores were lower for WDRC-amplified speech than for linearly amplified speech, and older listeners performed more poorly than younger listeners. When spectral information was unrestricted, the age-related decrement was similar for both amplification types. When spectral information was restricted for listeners with normal hearing, the age-related decrement was greater for WDRC-amplified speech than for linearly amplified speech. When spectral information was restricted for listeners with hearing loss, the age-related decrement was similar for both amplification types. Clinically, these results imply that when spectral cues are available (i.e., when the listener has adequate spectral resolution) older listeners can use WDRC hearing aids to the same extent as younger listeners. For older listeners without hearing loss, poorer scores for compression-amplified speech suggest an age-related deficit in temporal resolution.

Experiments on the Relationship between Perde and Seyir in Turkish Makam Music

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Akkoç ◽  
William A. Sethares ◽  
M. Kemal Karaosmanoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Information ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Melodic Contour ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

“When I was a kid, the elders in the village could tell the makam of a piece just by listening.” While interviewing performers, enthusiasts, and experts in traditional Turkish taksims (improvisations), variations of this comment were made many times. Some of the respondents claimed to be able to identify the makam of a taksim, but others believed that this ability might now be a lost art. This paper documents a series of experiments (based on caricaturized or skeletonized taksim-like creations) designed to determine if it is possible to identify the makam from purely acoustical features, and, when possible, to determine the relative importance of the various audible features that may be used to establish the makam. Two basic classes of features are investigated: perde (the set of pitches used in the performance) and seyir (which relates to temporal motion within the piece, for instance, repetitive or common motives or melodic contour). The experiments provide evidence that both kinds of features contribute to the ability to recognize makams. Experiments that randomize the order of events show that pitch cues (perde) are often adequate to allow accurate identification of the makam. In experiments where both pitch and temporal cues are present but conflict (for example, a piece in which the perde is chosen from one makam and the seyir from another), experts often favor the temporal information.

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