Age-Related Differences in Time Reproduction Reflect Attentional Control but not Stimulus Magnitude

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Costello ◽  
Rohini R. Thumma ◽  
Emma R. Nissenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Stimulus Magnitude ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Age Related

Research on age-related differences in time perception are mixed, with the strongest results indicating that age group differences are magnified based on the cognitive complexity of the specific task design. This raises the possibility that age-related differences in time perception may reflect downstream effects of ‘non-temporal’ factors such as stimulus magnitude, selective attention, and memory requirements. The current study explored this possibility with two experiments conducted on both younger and older adults that systematically varied stimulus magnitude and attentional demands. The first experiment was a focused–attention time reproduction task in which participants reproduced the temporal duration of a white rectangle with an embedded four-digit number. The stimulus magnitude varied from small (1000–3999) to medium (4000–6999) to large (7000–9999) digits. The second experiment was a divided-attention variant of the first experiment, where the participant either reported the temporal duration or recalled the number sequence embedded in the stimulus. Analyses indicated minimal age group differences under focused-attention conditions, but under divided-attention conditions there were age-related decreases in time estimates and temporal precision. Stimulus magnitude operated as predicted by the number–time association (NTA) effect, in which larger stimulus magnitudes induce longer duration estimates. Surprisingly, the NTA effect was evident similarly for both age groups and across both experiments. Exploratory analyses found evidence for age group equivalence in the positive influence of short-term memory on time reproduction, but age-related differences in the correlative link with cognitive processing speed. We conclude that age-related differences in our time reproduction task reflects attentional control factors but not stimulus magnitude.

Effect of Motion Perception on Intertemporal Choice Is Associated With the Altered Time Perception

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianchun Li ◽  
Di Yuan ◽  
Ying Fan ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Liangcai Gao
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Forward Motion ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Motion Condition

Intertemporal choice refers to the choice between receiving a small immediate reward or a large delayed one. Previous studies have indicated that time perception plays a critical role in the intertemporal choice, and it could be affected by the features of the target stimulus in the time reproduction task, such as speed of movement and state of motion. However, there is no evidence about whether backward or forward motion perception could alter the intertemporal choice. Thus, in our current study, 29 participants were asked to perform two tasks in a random order. One was the intertemporal choice task after viewing videos containing moving elements with forward/backward directions as well as stationary ones, and another was the time perception task. We found that the discounting rate in intertemporal choice was significantly larger in backward motion condition than in both forward motion and stationary conditions, indicating that backward motion perception made participants more myopic (specifically, more likely to choose the smaller immediate reward instead of the large delayed one) during their decision-makings. Meanwhile, participants overestimated the temporal duration in a time perception task in backward motion condition compared to the other two conditions. Furthermore, the Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that the changes of the intertemporal choice induced by backward motion perception could be associated with the altered time perception. As far as we know, we provide the first evidence on influence of motion perception on the intertemporal choice as well as its possible cognitive correlates, which extend previous studies on cognitive basis of the intertemporal choices.

The Influence of Age and Experience on the Performance of a Data Entry Task

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara J. Czaja ◽  
Joseph Sharit
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Task Experience ◽  
Over Time

Findings from research examining age and computer task performance indicate that older people perform less well than younger people on these types of tasks. The present study examined whether age-related performance differences are maintained with task experience. To address this issue one hundred and ten subjects, ranging in age from 20—75 yrs., performed a data entry task over a three day period. The task represented a simulation of a real world job. The data indicated significant age differences in work output (amount of data entered). Further, although there were significant improvements in performance with increased task experience across subjects, age group differences were maintained over time. With respect to errors there were no age effects and there was a significant reduction in errors across the three days. However, the pattern of change varied across age groups. These results are consistent with other studies which suggest that experience does not compensate for age effects for tasks which emphasize speed of processing.

Time-Based Prospective Memory in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: The Involvement of Executive Functions and Time Perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Mioni ◽  
Franca Stablum ◽  
Shawn M. McClintock ◽  
Anna Cantagallo
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Time Reproduction

AbstractProspective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to perform a future action at a specified later time, which is investigated through the use of event-based and time-based tasks. Prior investigations have found that PM is impaired following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there is limited information regarding the cognitive functions that mediate TBI and PM performance. Thus, this study investigated time-based PM in TBI patients, and the relationship among time-based PM, time perception, and executive functions. To accomplish this objective, 18 severe TBI patients and 18 healthy matched controls performed a time-based PM task, a time reproduction task, and two executive functions (Stroop and n-back) tasks. While both groups increased their monitoring frequency close to the target time, TBI patients monitored more and were less accurate than healthy controls at the target time confirming the time-based PM dysfunction in these patients. Importantly, executive functions, particularly inhibition and updating abilities, were strongly related to time-based PM performance; both time perception and executive functions are involved in time-based prospective memory in controls, whereas, only executive functions appear to be involved in TBI time-based prospective memory performance. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–9)

scholarly journals Comparison of CBD and Cannabis Use Motives

Cannabis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Aksinya Bilaonova ◽  
Joy Phillips ◽  
Kristen Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Side Effect ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Older Users ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Recreational Use

Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, has increasingly gained popularity as a cure-all product and is now found in products across a variety of industries. Despite the surge in popularity, little remains known about individual motives and patterns of CBD use. The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the similarities and differences between motives for CBD and cannabis use as well as comparing motives for younger and older users. Participants (N = 174) were recruited via Amazon MTurk and were asked to complete an anonymous survey assessing their CBD and cannabis use, effects, and motives for use. The greatest differences between self-reported CBD and cannabis use were for side-effect profiles. While the recreational use motive was more commonly endorsed for cannabis, use for beauty purposes was more common for CBD. No age group differences emerged for motives to use CBD or cannabis. Future research examining age-related differences in a larger, more age-diverse samples is recommended.

scholarly journals Effects of aging on emotion recognition from dynamic multimodal expressions and vocalizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana S. Cortes ◽  
Christina Tornberg ◽  
Tanja Bänziger ◽  
Hillary Anger Elfenbein ◽  
Håkan Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Positivity Effect ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging

AbstractAge-related differences in emotion recognition have predominantly been investigated using static pictures of facial expressions, and positive emotions beyond happiness have rarely been included. The current study instead used dynamic facial and vocal stimuli, and included a wider than usual range of positive emotions. In Task 1, younger and older adults were tested for their abilities to recognize 12 emotions from brief video recordings presented in visual, auditory, and multimodal blocks. Task 2 assessed recognition of 18 emotions conveyed by non-linguistic vocalizations (e.g., laughter, sobs, and sighs). Results from both tasks showed that younger adults had significantly higher overall recognition rates than older adults. In Task 1, significant group differences (younger > older) were only observed for the auditory block (across all emotions), and for expressions of anger, irritation, and relief (across all presentation blocks). In Task 2, significant group differences were observed for 6 out of 9 positive, and 8 out of 9 negative emotions. Overall, results indicate that recognition of both positive and negative emotions show age-related differences. This suggests that the age-related positivity effect in emotion recognition may become less evident when dynamic emotional stimuli are used and happiness is not the only positive emotion under study.

Sense of time in children with ADHD: Effects of duration, distraction, and stimulant medication

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUSSELL A. BARKLEY ◽  
SETH KOPLOWITZ ◽  
TAMARA ANDERSON ◽  
MARY B. McMURRAY
Keyword(s):  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Sense Of Time

A recent theory of ADHD predicts a deficiency in sense of time in the disorder. Two studies were conducted to test this prediction, and to evaluate the effects of interval duration, distraction, and stimulant medication on the reproductions of temporal durations in children with ADHD. Study I: 12 ADHD children and 26 controls (ages 6–14 years) were tested using a time reproduction task in which subjects had to reproduce intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 s. Four trials at each duration were presented with a distraction occurring on half of these trials. Control subjects were significantly more accurate than ADHD children at most durations and were unaffected by the distraction. ADHD children, in contrast, were significantly less accurate when distracted. Both groups became less accurate with increasing durations to be reproduced. Study II: Tested three doses of methylphenidate (MPH) and placebo on the time reproductions of the 12 ADHD children. ADHD children became less accurate with increasing durations and distraction was found to reduce accuracy at 36 s or less. No effects of MPH were evident. The results of these preliminary studies seem to support the prediction that sense of time is impaired in children with ADHD. The capacity to accurately reproduce time intervals in ADHD children does not seem to improve with administration of stimulant medication. (JINS, 1997, 3, 359–369.)

scholarly journals Influence of Patient Age on Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Causing Invasive Disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Inostroza ◽  
Ana Maria Vinet ◽  
Gloria Retamal ◽  
Pedro Lorca ◽  
Gonzalo Ossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sterile Site ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT All clinical S. pneumoniae specimens isolated from patients with invasive or sterile-site infections admitted to one regional general hospital in southern Chile were collected during a 5-year period (February 1994 to September 1999). A total of 247 strains belonging to 50 serotypes were isolated in this survey: 69 in patients under 5 years of age, 129 in patients 5 to 64 years old, and 49 from patients 65 years and older. Eight serotypes were identified in all age groups, while all other serotypes were found exclusively in one age group or in patients over 4 years of age. Serotype 3 was never found in patients under 5 years old, and serotype 14 was not found in patients >64 years of age. There was no difference in the serotypes causing infection in each one of the 5 years of the survey. Our results suggest that both bacterial virulence factors and host factors play an important role in the selection of S. pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infection. Possible host factors include age-related differences in the immune response. Comparative studies with other areas of the world may help to further understanding of our observations in southern Chile.

scholarly journals Traumatic Brain Injury, Aging and Reaction Time

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Stuss ◽  
L.L. Stethem ◽  
T.W. Picton ◽  
E.E. Leech ◽  
G. Pelchat
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Redundant Information ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Simple Rt

ABSTRACT:The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and aging were compared on tests of simple and complex reaction time (RT). Simple RT was not significantly affected by aging or TBI. TBI patients, however, tended to be slower on Simple RT tasks, and had a larger standard deviation. Individuals over age 60 and patients of any age with TBI demonstrated slower RT with choice RT tests. In addition, both groups (those over 60 and TBI patients) were less able than other groups to inhibit the processing of redundant information. For the TBI patients, this occurred primarily on reassessment. These results suggest that the deficit in both aging and TBI is not only a generalized neuronal slowing but a more specific impairment in attentional control processes, exhibited as a deficit in focused attention.

scholarly journals A Biomechanical Re-Examination of Physical Activity Measurement with Accelerometers

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonatan Fridolfsson ◽  
Mats Börjesson ◽  
Daniel Arvidsson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Band Pass Filter ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Frequency Filtering ◽  
Frequency Filter ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Activity Intensity

ActiGraph is the most common accelerometer in physical activity research, but it has measurement errors due to restrictive frequency filtering. This study investigated biomechanically how different frequency filtering of accelerometer data affects assessment of activity intensity and age-group differences when measuring physical activity. Data from accelerometer at the hip and motion capture system was recorded during treadmill walking and running from 30 subjects in three different age groups: 10, 15, and >20 years old. Acceleration data was processed to ActiGraph counts with original band-pass filter at 1.66 Hz, to counts with wider filter at either 4 or 10 Hz, and to unfiltered acceleration according to “Euclidian norm minus one” (ENMO). Internal and external power, step frequency, and vertical displacement of center of mass (VD) were estimated from the motion capture data. Widening the frequency filter improved the relationship between higher locomotion speed and counts. It also removed age-group differences and decreased within-group variation. While ActiGraph counts were almost exclusively explained by VD, the counts from the 10 Hz filter were explained by VD and step frequency to an equal degree. In conclusion, a wider frequency filter improves assessment of physical activity intensity by more accurately capturing individual gait patterns.

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