The Internal Structure of a Rectangular Frame: Position, Orientation, and Direction

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Guidi ◽  
Stephen E. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Symmetry Axis ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Aesthetic Response ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
Rectangular Frame ◽  
Axes Of Symmetry ◽  
Global And Local

Previous research has shown that the structure of a rectangular frame strongly influences perceived goodness-of-fit for a small circular probe positioned within it (Palmer and Guidi, 2011). The center is consistently rated as the best position, followed by positions along the global vertical, global horizontal, and local diagonal symmetry axes. Here we report how goodness-of-fit within a surrounding frame is influenced by the relation between with the orientational and directional structure of the probe and that of the frame. In Experiment 1, fit ratings of short line segments and small ovals (each with two symmetry axes) at 35 positions and four orientations within the frame revealed strong orientational effects, especially when the probe’s and frame’s axes of symmetry were aligned. Experiment 2 extended the paradigm using triangular probes (with a single symmetry axis) at 15 positions and eight pointing directions. The results showed high fit ratings when the probe was aligned with global and local symmetry axes of the frame, and directional increments when the probes pointed upward, rightward, and into the frame. Experiment 3 confirmed the upward, rightward, and inward directional effects of Experiment 2 using a more sensitive Two-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) task. Experiment 4 showed that orientational effects were more strongly driven by alignment with the rectangle’s sides than with gravitational or retinal reference frames, especially when the probe was near the sides and vertices of the frame. The relevance of these findings to the empirical study of aesthetic response to images within rectangular frames is discussed.

Mapping the Perceptual Structure of Rectangles through Goodness-of-Fit Ratings

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p7021 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1428-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E Palmer ◽  
Stefano Guidi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Perceived Fit ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Additional Line ◽  
Rectangular Frame ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Primary Determinant

Three experiments were carried out to investigate the internal structure of a rectangular frame to test Arnheim's (1974 Art and Visual Perception, 1988 The Power of the Center) proposals about its ‘structural skeleton’. Observers made subjective ratings of how well a small probe circle fit within a rectangle at different interior positions. In experiment 1, ratings of 77 locations were highest in the center, decreased with distance from the center, greatly elevated along vertical and horizontal symmetry axes, and somewhat elevated along the local symmetry axes. A linear regression model with six symmetry-related factors accounted for 95% of the variance. In experiment 2 we measured perceived fit along local symmetry axes versus global diagonals near the corners to determine which factor was relevant. 2AFC probabilities were elevated only along the local symmetry axes and were higher when the probe was closer to the vertex. In experiment 3 we examined the effect of dividing a rectangular frame into two rectangular ‘subframes’ using an additional line. The results show that the primary determinant of good fit is the position of the target circle within the local subframes. In general, the results are consistent with Arnheim's proposals about the internal structure of a rectangular frame, but an alternative interpretation is offered in terms of the Gestalt concept of figural goodness.

scholarly journals Goodness of Regularity in Dot Patterns: Global Symmetry, Local Symmetry, and Their Interactions

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5794 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1305-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Nucci ◽  
Johan Wagemans
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Global Symmetry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Operational Models ◽  
Local Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Axes Of Symmetry ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Short Presentation

Goodness is a classic Gestalt notion defined as salience or perceptual strength of a given pattern. All operational models of goodness have assigned a central role to mirror symmetry but not much attention has been paid to the distinction between global and local mirror symmetry, and their possible interactions. We designed eight different types of dot patterns (all consisting of 80 dots), combining different numbers (0, 1, and 2) and relative orientations (parallel or orthogonal to each other) of local and global axes of symmetry (affecting 50% or 100% of the dots, respectively) at different absolute orientations (vertical and horizontal). Each of 640 trials consisted of a short presentation of a new dot pattern, which subjects had to classify as regular or random. We hypothesised that the overall goodness of patterns is not the simple sum of the amount of regularity present in them but depends on the cooperation and competition between symmetries. The results confirmed our hypothesis, showing that performance in this regularity-detection task did not increase in a linear way when some symmetries were added to other symmetries.

The impact of early failures on maintenance costs: an empirical study in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo E. Peimbert-García ◽  
Jesús Isaac Vázquez-Serrano ◽  
Jorge Limón-Robles
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Current Transformers ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Failures ◽  
The Impact

PurposeLiterature shows that the economics of early failures in maintenance and electric utilities have not been deeply analyzed. This study aims to focus on quantifying the economic impact that early failures in current transformers have on total maintenance costs. The empirical study is conducted in a regional transmission division of an electric utility located in Mexico.Design/methodology/approachThe utility's database was accessed to collect 219 maintenance records. Clustering techniques were used to identify early failures from a bimodal distribution of failures. Confirmatory goodness-of-fit procedures followed the analysis, and finally, direct and opportunity costs were estimated by adapting the cost-of-quality (PAF) Model.FindingsAround 11% of all maintenance activities are triggered by early failures, and they account for up to US$2.2m during the eight-year period under study, which represents 16% of total maintenance costs. Additionally, opportunity costs represent close to two-thirds of the total costs due to early failures. This was obtained after finding and validating a clear-cut border of 3.5 months between early failures and the rest.Originality/valueFailures in energy grids and power transmission can have a large economic impact on the power industry and the society in general. Thus, the maintenance function in equipment such as current transformers is a crucial entry of the budget of any electric utility. This study is one of the very few that highlights the magnitude and importance of direct and opportunity costs derived from early failures.

scholarly journals Self-organizing Systems in the Light of the Arrows of Orderedness, Symmetry, and Entropy

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
György Darvas
Keyword(s):  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Evolution Of The Universe ◽  
Global Evolution ◽  
New Material ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The One ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Matter Energy

The paper makes an attempt to resolve two conceptual mingling: (a) the mingling of the two interpretations of the concept of orderedness applied in statistical thermodynamics and in symmetrology, and (b) the mingling of two interpretations of evolution applied in global and local processes. In conclusion, it formulates a new interpretation on the relation of the emergence of new material qualities in selforganizing processes on the one hand, and the evolution of the universe, on the other. The process of evolution is a sequence of emergence of new material qualities by self-organization processes, which happen in negligible small segments of the universe. Although thermodynamics looks at the universe as a closed (isolated) system, this holds for its outside boundaries only, while the universe has many subsystems inside, which are not isolated (closed), since they are in a permanent exchange of matter, energy, etc. with their environment (with the rest of the universe) through their open boundaries. Any ";;emergence";; takes place, i.e., all new qualities come into being just in these small open segments of the universe. The conditions to apply the second law of thermodynamics are not present here. Therefore, global evolution of the universe is the consequence of local symmetry decreases, local decreases of orderedness, and possible local decreases of entropy.

scholarly journals The Empirical Study of Heterogeneity Firm’s Internationalization Path Selection

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Weizhong Jiang ◽  
Xi Xie
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Data Regression ◽  
D Investment

This article explores the heterogeneity firm’s internationalization path selection by The New Trade Theory. Considering the firm’s heterogeneity, based on the listed automobile company, do empirical study on three internationalization path selection which are Export, Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) and Outsourcing, considered five micro factors including productivity, R&D investment and other two macro factors, think of the scale of three internationalization path as explanatory variables, take the regression by weighted least square, principal components estimation, Panel Data Regression Model respectively and have a good goodness of fit. Combined with the national automobile firm’s internationalization path selection, we build a comprehensive selection model of the firm’s internationalization path selection, analyze the differential impact on the three path selection separately. Finally, we make suggestions to the national automobile firm’s internationalization path selection and promote the model.

A 13C N.M.R. Study of Some Oxygenated Hopane Triterpenes

1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Wilkins ◽  
KJ Ronaldson ◽  
PM Jager ◽  
PW Bird
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Shift ◽  
Symmetry Axis ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Chemical Shift Assignments ◽  
Substituent Group ◽  
Group Effects

Chemical shift assignments are reported for some hopane triterpenoids variously oxygenated at C3, C6, C7, C15, C22 and/or C24. Substituent group effects are compared and correlated with a local symmetry axis. Revisions to a recently reported interpretation of the 13C n.m.r. spectrum of 7β-acetoxyhopan-22-ol (1c) are described.

scholarly journals The Effect of E-Retail on Customer Satisfaction: Case Study from Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-999
Author(s):  
Sharefa Murad, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Reliability Design ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
To Come

The increase in development and progress develops with the speed of the technology wheel and its impact on consumer satisfaction. Reasonably the electronic retail trade has the largest share. This research provides an abundant experience on the Jordanian consumer satisfaction with E- retail trade-in particular after customs facilities. The empirical study consists of 521 questionnaires and analysing the outputs, through which the sites are evaluated on more than one side, to come out with the most important strengths and weak points of the e-retail trade. Each question in the questionnaire is evaluated and assigned a unique loading factor. Four major evaluation metrics have been adopted to investigate the customer’s thoughts on E-retail which includes Reliability, Design, Process, and safety. In addition, factor analysis of the Correlation Matrix with the samples sequence along with Goodness-of-fit indices have been carried out for the experimentation. The obtained insights from the empirical study are also validated using confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, to presenting problems with high rates to solve them.

scholarly journals Assessing Model Fit in Latent Class Analysis When Asymptotics Do Not Hold

Methodology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert H. van Kollenburg ◽  
Joris Mulder ◽  
Jeroen K. Vermunt
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Parametric Bootstrap ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Asymptotic Distributions ◽  
Type I ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
P Values ◽  
Global And Local

The application of latent class (LC) analysis involves evaluating the LC model using goodness-of-fit statistics. To assess the misfit of a specified model, say with the Pearson chi-squared statistic, a p-value can be obtained using an asymptotic reference distribution. However, asymptotic p-values are not valid when the sample size is not large and/or the analyzed contingency table is sparse. Another problem is that for various other conceivable global and local fit measures, asymptotic distributions are not readily available. An alternative way to obtain the p-value for the statistic of interest is by constructing its empirical reference distribution using resampling techniques such as the parametric bootstrap or the posterior predictive check (PPC). In the current paper, we show how to apply the parametric bootstrap and two versions of the PPC to obtain empirical p-values for a number of commonly used global and local fit statistics within the context of LC analysis. The main difference between the PPC using test statistics and the parametric bootstrap is that the former takes into account parameter uncertainty. The PPC using discrepancies has the advantage that it is computationally much less intensive than the other two resampling methods. In a Monte Carlo study we evaluated Type I error rates and power of these resampling methods when used for global and local goodness-of-fit testing in LC analysis. Results show that both the bootstrap and the PPC using test statistics are generally good alternatives to asymptotic p-values and can also be used when (asymptotic) distributions are not known. Nominal Type I error rates were not met when sample size was small and the contingency table has many cells. Overall the PPC using test statistics was somewhat more conservative than the parametric bootstrap. We have also replicated previous research suggesting that the Pearson χ2 statistic should in many cases be preferred over the likelihood-ratio G2 statistic. Power to reject a model for which the number of LCs was one less than in the population was very high, unless sample size was small. When the contingency tables are very sparse, the total bivariate residual (TBVR) statistic, which is based on bivariate relationships, still had very high power, signifying its usefulness in assessing model fit.

Spatial Clustering of Pedestrian Activity and the Built Environment Characteristics

Nano LIFE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 1840005
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Li Yin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Urban Revitalization ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Impact

Promoting pedestrian activity has attracted increasing attention as an important strategy for the improvement of public health and urban revitalization. The impact on physical activity underpinned by built environment has been studied substantially; however, few studies had focused on the geographically varying relationships between pedestrian activity and the built environment characteristics. Built upon previous work, this study looks at the spatial patterns of pedestrian counts and the built environment contributors along two major streets in Buffalo, New York using global and local spatial autocorrelation tests and geographically weighted regression. Pedestrian generators, job density and land use mix are included as independent variables in order to study the impact on them due to the characteristics of built environment. Our findings suggest that (1) there are statistically significant clusters of street intersections with high pedestrian counts along the streets selected in our study; (2) there are some optimal sizes of clusters of pedestrian generators, which attract more pedestrians; (3) geographically weighted Poisson model helps to analyze the geographically varying relationships between the built environment and pedestrian activity with a more pronounced goodness of fit. This research contributes to the understanding of the spatial patterns of pedestrian activity and the geographically varying relationship between the built environment and pedestrian counts. Hopefully this research will help to guide and focus the minds of policy makers and urban planners alike to introduce street vitality through the modifications of the built environment, so as to improve the quality of life in their neighborhoods.

Global Orientation Disrupts the Detection of a Similar Local Orientation

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1259-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Lauwereyns ◽  
Géry d'Ydewalle
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Target Letter ◽  
Target Line ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Local Orientation ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
Global Orientation ◽  
Global And Local

Two experiments were carried out with organised displays in order to examine the role of similarity between global and local orientation in visual search. In both experiments, distractors were organised to form a diagonal line of plus or minus 45°. In experiment 1, target displays were presented tachistoscopically. Participants searched for a target letter ‘Q’ among distractor letters ‘O’. In experiment 2, participants performed a heterogeneity task with target line segments that could have an orientation of either plus or minus 45°. The target appeared partly or completely inside a distractor circle. In both experiments, the target was more difficult to detect when the critical feature aligned with the slope of the global diagonal than when the feature did not align. Taken together, the two experiments suggested a sequential global-to-local processing in which the orientation of the global figure disrupts the detection of a similar local orientation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document