Mapping the Perceptual Structure of Rectangles through Goodness-of-Fit Ratings

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p7021 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1428-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E Palmer ◽  
Stefano Guidi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Perceived Fit ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Additional Line ◽  
Rectangular Frame ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Primary Determinant

Three experiments were carried out to investigate the internal structure of a rectangular frame to test Arnheim's (1974 Art and Visual Perception, 1988 The Power of the Center) proposals about its ‘structural skeleton’. Observers made subjective ratings of how well a small probe circle fit within a rectangle at different interior positions. In experiment 1, ratings of 77 locations were highest in the center, decreased with distance from the center, greatly elevated along vertical and horizontal symmetry axes, and somewhat elevated along the local symmetry axes. A linear regression model with six symmetry-related factors accounted for 95% of the variance. In experiment 2 we measured perceived fit along local symmetry axes versus global diagonals near the corners to determine which factor was relevant. 2AFC probabilities were elevated only along the local symmetry axes and were higher when the probe was closer to the vertex. In experiment 3 we examined the effect of dividing a rectangular frame into two rectangular ‘subframes’ using an additional line. The results show that the primary determinant of good fit is the position of the target circle within the local subframes. In general, the results are consistent with Arnheim's proposals about the internal structure of a rectangular frame, but an alternative interpretation is offered in terms of the Gestalt concept of figural goodness.

The Internal Structure of a Rectangular Frame: Position, Orientation, and Direction

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Guidi ◽  
Stephen E. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Symmetry Axis ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Aesthetic Response ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
Rectangular Frame ◽  
Axes Of Symmetry ◽  
Global And Local

Previous research has shown that the structure of a rectangular frame strongly influences perceived goodness-of-fit for a small circular probe positioned within it (Palmer and Guidi, 2011). The center is consistently rated as the best position, followed by positions along the global vertical, global horizontal, and local diagonal symmetry axes. Here we report how goodness-of-fit within a surrounding frame is influenced by the relation between with the orientational and directional structure of the probe and that of the frame. In Experiment 1, fit ratings of short line segments and small ovals (each with two symmetry axes) at 35 positions and four orientations within the frame revealed strong orientational effects, especially when the probe’s and frame’s axes of symmetry were aligned. Experiment 2 extended the paradigm using triangular probes (with a single symmetry axis) at 15 positions and eight pointing directions. The results showed high fit ratings when the probe was aligned with global and local symmetry axes of the frame, and directional increments when the probes pointed upward, rightward, and into the frame. Experiment 3 confirmed the upward, rightward, and inward directional effects of Experiment 2 using a more sensitive Two-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) task. Experiment 4 showed that orientational effects were more strongly driven by alignment with the rectangle’s sides than with gravitational or retinal reference frames, especially when the probe was near the sides and vertices of the frame. The relevance of these findings to the empirical study of aesthetic response to images within rectangular frames is discussed.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE FACTORS CAUSING PROJECT COMPLETION DELAYS IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR OF OMAN USING SEM-PLS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 900-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Suleiman Al Maktoumi ◽  
Firdouse Rahman Khan ◽  
Ahmed Rashid Suwied Al Maktoumi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Project Completion ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Process Allocation

Purpose: The objectives of the study were to investigate the causes of the delays to analyze the factors causing the construction delay in Oman and to investigate the effects of such delays. Design/methodology/approach: To carry out this study 210 samples were collected through a well-defined questionnaire from the construction stakeholders viz. the consultants, contractors, and the clients who were selected on a random sampling basis. Smart PLS for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the data to obtain the formative measurement models, the structured model, and the goodness of fit. Findings: The results of the study reveal that the client-related factors, equipment-related factors, and material related factors have a significant impact on the completion delay in construction projects. The findings of the study also revealed that the Client related factors were – Delay in providing services, Delayed decision-making process, Allocation of insufficient time. Equipment related factors were – Existing low productive equipment, Unskillful Equipment operator, Breakdown of equipment and Outdated equipment; Material related factors were – Delay in supply of raw materials, Non-availability of materials, Change of materials during construction, Non-availability of accessories and Damaged materials. Research limitations/Implications: The present study covers the stakeholders of the construction projects from selected regions only. The future studies can be extended to other projects and other regions as well. Social implications: The study suggested that the clients’ cooperation especially in providing the contractors with the necessary equipment, facilities, and sufficient time will avoid such delays of the construction projects in Oman. Originality/Value: Only very few have examined the completion delay of the construction projects in Oman using SEM-PLS and it is a first-hand study of its kind and the results will be useful to the stakeholders.

Product-Category Dynamics and Corporate Identity in Brand Extensions: A Comparison of Hong Kong and U.S. Consumers

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin K. Han ◽  
Bernd H. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Product Category ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corporate Identity ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Perceived Fit ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Core ◽  
Asian Consumers

Should the focus of a brand-extension strategy be on product-category related factors (e.g., the fit between the extension and the core product) or should consumers’ attention be drawn to characteristics of the company providing the extension (e.g., company size)? Examining this issue experimentally in Hong Kong and in the United States with samples of students and working professionals, we find that for U.S. consumers, perceived fit is much more important than company size; for Hong Kong consumers, company size does not matter for high fit extensions, but does matter for low fit extensions. We suggest the value of collectivism may explain the relative higher importance of corporate identity for East Asian consumers. East Asian consumers rely on companies as interdependent, collective societal entities to reduce the risk of a low fit extension, whereas U.S. consumers— as individualists— place higher importance on their own judgment regarding the product fit rather than cues such as company size.

Recent advances in statistical methodology applied to the Hjort liver index time series (1859–2012) and associated influential factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gudmund H. Hermansen ◽  
Nils Lid Hjort ◽  
Olav S. Kjesbu
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Statistical Methodology ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Index Time Series

Certain recent advances in statistical methodology have promising potential for fruitful use in general biology and the fisheries sciences. This paper reviews and discusses some of the relevant themes, including accurate modelling via focused model selection techniques, dynamic goodness-of-fit testing of processes evolving over time, finding break points for phenomena experiencing regime shifts, prediction uncertainty, and optimal combination of information across diverse sources via confidence distributions. The methods are illustrated for the Hjort liver quality index time series. Its roots lie in the classic study by Hjort in 1914, where liver quality of the Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) for 1880–1912 was reported on and studied, along with related factors, making it one of the first teleost time series ever published. The series has been extended both backwards and forwards in time, to 1859–2012, due to comprehensive archival and calibration efforts of Kjesbu et al. in 2014, yielding one of the longest time series of marine science. Our study offers a detailed examination of this series and how it relates to and interacts with associated factors, including winter temperatures, length distribution parameters, cod mortality, and a certain index related to availability of food. We identify certain mild nonstationary aspects of the time series, show that there is a regime shift around 1990 in the ways the liver series interacts with winter temperatures, and demonstrate that mortality and food availability play important roles.

The Grand National: a review of factors associated with non-completion and horse-falls, 1990 to 2012

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 131-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Williams ◽  
D.M. Marlin ◽  
N. Langley ◽  
T.D. Parkin ◽  
H. Randle
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Equine Welfare

The Grand National (GN) attracts high profile press and subsequent public attention. This study aimed to establish if factors influential to non-completion, horse-falls and specific fence risk in the GN supported the measures implemented by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA) to improve equine welfare in the GN. Horse, jockey, trainer and race related factors associated with non-completion, horse-falls and horse-falls at specific fences of the GN were collated over a 22 year period from 1990 to 2012. Descriptive analysis calculated non-completion rates per year, according to age and reason for non-completion. The distribution of fallers during the race in relation to fence number, design and key feature fences were also determined. Univariable analysis informed multivariable model building to identify factors associated with non-completion (n=840) and horse-falls (n=514) in the GN. Two final logistic regression models were refined through a backward stepwise process with variables retained if likelihood ratio test P-values were <0.05. Chi-square goodness of fit analyses evaluated fall risk at fence level. During the period investigated 347 horses completed the GN; the probability of a horse falling in the race was 0.24. The first fence, Becher's brook and drop fences increased the risk of falling compared to plain fences. Good-soft going increased the number of horses that completed the race and reduced the number of fallers suggesting this is the optimal ground condition for the race. GNs run at a faster than average speed increased the risk of horses not completing and falling. Inexperienced horses and jockeys show a greater risk of not completing and falling. Our work supports BHA measures implemented to improve safety in the GN; controlling speed, modifying fence design, promoting race experience and ground maintenance to produce good-soft going can increase completions and reduce falls, therefore enhancing equine welfare.

scholarly journals Análisis del modelo multicausal sobre el nivel de la anemia en niños de 6 a 35 meses en Perú

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-455
Author(s):  
Katherine Jenny Ortiz Romaní ◽  
Yonathan Josué Ortiz Montalvo ◽  
Josselyne Rocio Escobedo Encarnación ◽  
Luis Neyra de la Rosa ◽  
Carlos Alberto Jaimes Velásquez
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Ordinal Regression Model ◽  
Factores De Riesgo ◽  
Weighted Values

severa. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del nivel de anemia y sus factores asociados en niños menores de tres años utilizando un modelo multicausal en la población peruana. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de nivel explicativo a través de un análisis secundario con los datos de la base de datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar del 2019. La variable principal fue el nivel de anemia utilizando el Hemocue® para su medición. Se consideraron valores ponderados; frecuencias, porcentajes, bondad de ajuste y un modelo de regresión ordinal. Resultados: Un 40.20% de niños menores de tres años presentaron anemia. Los factores como presencia de diarrea (OR=1,30), 12 meses de vida (OR: 3,33), no iniciar el control prenatal (OR:1,19), sexo masculino (OR: 1.25), madre con anemia (OR: 1.75), madre de 15 a 24 años (OR: 1.94), pozo de tierra como fuente de agua (OR: 1,53), lengua materna aymara (OR: 2,31) se asociaron al nivel de anemia. Conclusiones: Entre los factores de riesgo asociados a la anemia según el modelo multicausal resultan la diarrea en las últimas dos semanas como factor inmediato, entre los subyacentes son edad del niño, fuente de agua potable, control prenatal, anemia y edad de la mujer. Asimismo, los factores protectores corresponden al amamantamiento por alguna vez y quintil de riqueza superior. Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia in children from 6 to 35 months is a severe public health issue.Objective: to determine the prevalence of anemia level and related factors in children under three years applying multicausal model in Peruvian population.Materials and methods: To explanatory level research was carried out applying a secondary analysis with data found in the database of the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey. The main variable was the level of anemia in which Hemocue® test was used. Weighted values, frequencies, percentages, goodness-of- fit, and an ordinal regression model were taken into consideration.Results: 40.20% of children under three years old presented anemia. Factors as presence of diarrhea (OR = 1.30), 12 months of life (OR: 3.33), not starting prenatal control (OR: 1.19), male gender (OR: 1.25), mother with anemia (OR: 1.75), mothers who are 15 to 24 (OR: 1.94), water well as a source of water (OR: 1.53), Aymara as mother tongue (OR: 2.31) were associated with anemia level. Conclusions: Among the risk factors associated with anemia according to the multicausal model, diarrhea in the last two weeks is a determinant factor, among the underlying factors are the child's age, source of drinking water, prenatal care, anemia and the woman's age. In addition, the protective factors correspond to breastfeeding for some time and the highest wealth quintile. Introdução: a anemia ferropriva em crianças de 6 a 35 meses é um grave problema de Saúde Pública. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência do nível de anemia e seus fatores associados em crianças menores de três anos por meio de um modelo multicausal na população peruana. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo de nível explicativo por meio de uma análise secundária com os dados do banco de dados da Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde da Família 2019. A variável principal foi o grau de anemia utilizando o Hemocue® para sua mensuração. Valores ponderados foram considerados; frequências, porcentagens, qualidade de ajuste e um modelo de regressão ordinal. Resultados: 40,20% das crianças menores de três anos apresentavam anemia. Fatores como presença de diarreia (OR = 1,30), 12 meses de vida (OR: 3,33), não início do controle pré-natal (OR: 1,19), sexo masculino (OR: 1,25), mãe com anemia (OR: 1,75), mãe de 15 a 24 anos (OR: 1,94), terra como fonte de água (OR: 1,53), língua materna aimará (OR: 2,31) foram associados ao nível de anemia. Conclusões: entre os fatores de risco associados à anemia segundo o modelo multicausal, a diarreia nas últimas duas semanas é um fator imediato, entre os fatores subjacentes estão a idade da criança, fonte de água potável, acompanhamento pré-natal, anemia e idade da mulher. Da mesma forma, os fatores de proteção correspondem à amamentação por algum tempo e ao quintil de maior riqueza.

Factor Structure of the STAXI-2-AX and its Relationship to Burnout in Housewives

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 418-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Moral de la Rubia ◽  
Mónica Teresa González Ramírez ◽  
René Landero Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Determine Factor ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

This study was conducted in order to determine factor structure and reliability of STAXI-2-AX/EX (Spielberger, 1999) and to calculate the correlation between STAXI-2-AX/EX and the Housewives Burnout Questionnaire (CUBAC). The study sample included 226 housewives. Dimensional structure was estimated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Factor analysis results of STAXI-2-AX/EX showed that a four related factors model had an adequate goodness of fit, eliminating three items. Regarding the CUBAC, a two related factors structure presented the best goodness of fit, which improve if five items were eliminated. Finally, as we expected, the correlation between the two scales was positive (r= .38. We suggest that this study should be replicated in other countries.

Higher Density Development for Lower Cost Housing? Understanding the Multifamily Housing Market and the Role of Density in Multifamily Home Prices

2020 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2091282
Author(s):  
Hongwei Dong
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Multifamily Housing ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Home Prices ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Portland Metropolitan Area ◽  
Saving Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Density Development

This study documents the development and the characteristics of multifamily homes in the Portland metropolitan area and evaluate the roles of density and density-related factors in determining multifamily home prices. The study finds that medium-density multifamily homes sell at lower prices than other housing types in dollar per unit and dollar per square foot. The cost-saving effect of higher density development is weak or even negative, and dwelling size is the primary determinant of multifamily home prices. The effects of neighborhood density on home prices depend on housing types. Investors own almost a half of nonapartment multifamily homes and buy homes at lower prices.

scholarly journals Physical violence inside female prisons in Brazil: prevalence and related factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-632
Author(s):  
Isabelle Silva Gama-Araujo ◽  
José Gomes Bezerra Filho ◽  
Ligia Kerr ◽  
Carl Kendall ◽  
Raimunda Hermelinda Maia Macena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Lemeshow Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Stratified Analysis

Abstract The present study aims to identify the prevalence of physical violence against female prisoners in Brazil, as well as related factors. This is a cross-sectional national survey conducted in 15 female prisons in five regions of Brazil selected in multiple stages. The following types of analysis were performed: univariate analysis; stratified analysis relating the outcome (suffer physical violence inside prison) to predictor variables, using the Pearson chi-square test; calculation of the Odds Ratio (O.R.); and multiple logistic regression. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used for analysis of goodness of fit and adequacy of the model. The prevalence of physical violence inside female prisons was 37.4%. There was a correlation between physical violence victimization in prison and the following variables: physical victimization prior to arrest (p = 0.013), solitary confinement (p = 0.000), mental suffering (p = 0.003), current or previous abusive intake of alcohol (p = 0.011), current or previous injection of cocaine (p = 0.002) and not performing prison labor (p = 0.003). Physical violence has become inherent in the Brazilian female prison system. Continued studies are needed to monitor the situation and to develop interventions to prevent physical violence inside the facilities.

scholarly journals Dengue Transmission Mapping with Weather-Based Predictive Model in Three Southernmost Provinces of Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6754
Author(s):  
Teerawad Sriklin ◽  
Siriwan Kajornkasirat ◽  
Supattra Puttinaovarat
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Dengue Transmission

This study aimed to show maps and analyses that display dengue cases and weather-related factors on dengue transmission in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand, namely Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat provinces. Data on the number of dengue cases and weather variables including rainfall, rainy day, mean temperature, min temperature, max temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure for the period from January 2015 to December 2019 were obtained from the Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health and the Meteorological Department of Southern Thailand, respectively. Spearman rank correlation test was performed at lags from zero to two months and the predictive modeling used time series Poisson regression analysis. The distribution of dengue cases showed that in Pattani and Yala provinces the most dengue cases occurred in June. Narathiwat province had the most dengue cases occurring in August. The air pressure, relative humidity, rainfall, rainy day, and min temperature are the main predictors in Pattani province, while air pressure, rainy day, and max/mean temperature seem to play important roles in the number of dengue cases in Yala and Narathiwat provinces. The goodness-of-fit analyses reveal that the model fits the data reasonably well. The results provide scientific information for creating effective dengue control programs in the community, and the predictive model can support decision making in public health organizations and for management of the environmental risk area.

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