CHARACTERISTICS OF TROCHODENDRON ARALIOIDES TENSION WOOD FORMED AT DIFFERENT INCLINATION ANGLES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tokiko Hiraiwa ◽  
Tatsuya Toyoizumi ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Aperture Angle ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Klason Lignin ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Gelatinous Layer ◽  
Inclination Angles

To assess the characteristics of tension wood (TW) in Trochodendron aralioides Sieb. et Zucc., seedling stems were artificially inclined at angles of 30° (TW- 30), 50° (TW-50), and 70° (TW-70) from the vertical. At all angles, the growth promotion was pronounced on the upper side of the inclined stems, where excessive tensile growth stress was observed. A gelatinous layer (G-layer) formed in the tracheids of TW. The cell wall structure of the tracheids in TW was S1 + G. The G-layer had a small pit aperture angle <10°. TW-50 showed larger tensile growth stress, a thicker G-layer area, and a smaller pit aperture angle of the Glayer than TW-30 and TW-70. Lower levels of Klason lignin and hemicellulose and higher levels of α-cellulose content were observed in TW-50. In addition, an increase in glucose content and a decrease in xylose content in holocellulose were observed in TW-50. Therefore, it can be concluded that the degree of TW varied with different inclination angles.

The nature of reaction wood. IV. Variations in cell wall organization of tension wood fibres

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Wardrop ◽  
HE Dadswell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Gelatinous Layer ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Cell Wall Organization

The cell wall organization, the cell wall texture, and the degree of lignification of tension wood fibres have been investigated in a wide variety of temperate and tropical species. Following earlier work describing the cell wall structure of tension wood fibres, two additional types of cell wall organization have been observed. In one of these, the inner thick "gelatinous" layer which is typical of tension wood fibres exists in addition to the normal three-layered structure of the secondary wall; in the other only the outer layer of the secondary wall and the thick gelatinous layer are present. In all the tension wood examined the micellar orientation in the inner gelatinous layer has been shown to be nearly axial and the cellulose of this layer found to be in a highly crystalline state. A general argument is presented as to the meaning of differences in the degree, of crystallinity of cellulose. The high degree of crystallinity of cellulose in tension wood as compared with normal wood is attributed to a greater degree of lateral order in the crystalline regions of tension wood, whereas the paracrystalline phase is similar in both cases. The degree of lignification in tension wood fibres has been shown to be extremely variable. However, where the degree of tension wood development is marked as revealed by the thickness of the gelatinous layer the lack of lignification is also most marked. Severity of tension wood formation and lack of lignification have also been correlated with the incidence of irreversible collapse in tension wood. Such collapse can occur even when no whole fibres are present, e.g. in thin cross sections. Microscopic examination of collapsed samples of tension wood has led to the conclusion that the appearance of collapse in specimens containing tendon wood can often be attributed in part to excessive shrinkage associated with the development of fissures between cells, although true collapse does also occur. Possible explanations of the irreversible shrinkage and collapse of tension wood fibres are advanced.

Delayed recovery of growth stress in tension wood induced by drying and subsequent wetting treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1060
Author(s):  
K. C. Sujan ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Miyuki Ueda Matsuo ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Keiichi Asaka
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Delayed Recovery

Negative gravitropism of Ginkgo biloba: growth stress and reaction wood formation

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Shirai ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Miyuki Matsuo ◽  
Mikuri Inatsugu ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Negative Gravitropism

Abstract Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) forms thick, lignified secondary xylem in the cylindrical stem as in Pinales (commonly called conifers), although it has more phylogenetic affinity to Cycadales than to conifers. Ginkgo forms compression wood-like (CW-like) reaction wood (RW) in its inclined stem as it is the case in conifers. However, the distribution of growth stress is not yet investigated in the RW of ginkgo, and thus this tissue resulting from negative gravitropism is still waiting for closer consideration. The present study intended to fill this gap. It has been demonstrated that, indeed, ginkgo forms RW tissue on the lower side of the inclined stem, where the compressive growth stress (CGS) was generated. In the RW, the micorofibril angle in the S2 layer, the air-dried density, and the lignin content increased, whereas the cellulose content decreased. These data are quite similar to those of conifer CWs. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the CGS is significantly correlated by the changes in the aforementioned parameters. It can be safely concluded that the negative gravitropism of ginkgo is very similar to that of conifers.

Anatomical and chemical factors affecting tensile growth stress in Eucalyptus grandis plantations at different latitudes in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miho Kojima ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Koichiro Saegusa ◽  
Fabio Minoru Yamaji ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Processing Defects

The key to using planted Eucalyptus as timber lies in controlling the characteristic high tensile growth stress that often causes serious processing defects in sawn logs and lumber. In the present study, we investigated variations in the longitudinal released strain (RS) of surface growth stress in stems of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden planted in a wide range of latitudes in Brazil and established relationships between RS measurements and anatomical and chemical factors. Cellulose and lignin content, RS, and the microfibril angle (MFA) of the middle layer of the secondary wall (S2 layer) differed among latitudes. The increase in cellulose content and decrease in MFA were correlated with the contractive value of RS, which explained the higher tensile growth stress in stems from high-latitude plantations where higher cellulose content and lower MFA were observed. To reduce processing defects due to tensile growth stress, the factors controlling MFA values and cellulose content must be identified.

scholarly journals On the detachment of the gelatinous layer in tension wood fiber

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Clair ◽  
Bernard Thibaut ◽  
Junji Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Gelatinous Layer

scholarly journals Relationship Between Growth Stress, Mechanical-Physical Properties and Proportion of Fibre with Gelatinous Layer in Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Clair ◽  
J. Ruelle ◽  
B. Thibaut
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Gelatinous Layer ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Chestnut Wood

Summary A range of mechanical and physical properties were determined for 96 specimens of chestnut wood and for wood types ranging from compression to tension wood; tests included (1) growth stress, (2) longitudinal Young's modulus in green and air-dried states (3) shrinkage in longitudinal and tangential directions. Anatomical observations permitted determination of the proportion of fibres with a gelatinous layer. The influence of these atypical fibres on macroscopic wood properties is examined and discussed. A basic model is proposed to determine their properties in theoretically isolated conditions.

scholarly journals Tension Wood and Oppositewood in 21 Tropical Rain Forest Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Ruelle ◽  
Bruno Clair ◽  
Jacques Beauchêne ◽  
Marie Françoise Prévost ◽  
Meriem Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
French Guyana

The anatomy of tension wood and opposite wood was compared in 21 tropical rain forest trees from 21 species belonging to 18 families from French Guyana. Wood specimens were taken from the upper and lower sides of naturally tilted trees. Measurement of the growth stress level ensured that the two samples were taken from wood tissues in a different mechanical state: highly tensile-stressed wood on the upper side, called tension wood and normally tensile-stressed wood on the lower side, called opposite wood. Quantitative parameters relating to fibres and vessels were measured on transverse sections of both tension and opposite wood to check if certain criteria can easily discriminate the two kinds of wood. We observed a decrease in the frequency of vessels in the tension wood in all the trees studied. Other criteria concerning shape and surface area of the vessels, fibre diameter or cell wall thickness did not reveal any general trend. At the ultrastructural level, we observed that the microfibril angle in the tension wood sample was lower than in opposite wood in all the trees except one (Licania membranacea).

scholarly journals Enzymatic hydrolysis of the gelatinous layer in tension wood of Salix varieties as a measure of accessible cellulose for biofuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Mohamed Jebrane ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Glucose Release ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract Background Salix (willow) species represent an important source of bioenergy and offer great potential for producing biofuels. Salix spp. like many hardwoods, produce tension wood (TW) characterized by special fibres (G-fibres) that produce a cellulose-rich lignin-free gelatinous (G) layer on the inner fibre cell wall. Presence of increased amounts of TW and G-fibres represents an increased source of cellulose. In the present study, the presence of TW in whole stems of different Salix varieties was characterized (i.e., physical measurements, histochemistry, image analysis, and microscopy) as a possible marker for the availability of freely available cellulose and potential for releasing d-glucose. Stem cross sections from different Salix varieties (Tora, Björn) were characterized for TW, and subjected to cellulase hydrolysis with the free d-glucose produced determined using a glucose oxidase/peroxidase (GOPOD) assay. Effect of cellulase on the cross sections and progressive hydrolysis of the G-layer was followed using light microscopy after staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Tension wood fibres with G-layers were developed multilaterally in all stems studied. Salix TW from varieties Tora and Björn showed fibre G-layers were non-lignified with variable thickness. Results showed: (i) Differences in total % TW at different stem heights; (ii) that using a 3-day incubation period at 50 °C, the G-layers could be hydrolyzed with no apparent ultrastructural effects on lignified secondary cell wall layers and middle lamellae of other cell elements; and (iii) that by correlating the amount of d-glucose produced from cross sections at different stem heights together with total % TW and density, an estimate of the total free d-glucose in stems can be derived and compared between varieties. These values were used together with a literature value (45%) for estimating the contribution played by G-layer cellulose to the total cellulose content. Conclusions The stem section-enzyme method developed provides a viable approach to compare different Salix varieties ability to produce TW and thus freely available d-glucose for fermentation and biofuel production. The use of Salix stem cross sections rather than comminuted biomass allows direct correlation between tissue- and cell types with d-glucose release. Results allowed correlation between % TW in cross sections and entire Salix stems with d-glucose production from digested G-layers. Results further emphasize the importance of TW and G-fibre cellulose as an important marker for enhanced d-glucose release in Salix varieties.

scholarly journals Localization of xyloglucan epitopes in the gelatinous layer of developing and mature gelatinous fibers of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) tension wood

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 7675-7686
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Immunogold Localization ◽  
Gelatinous Layer ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
European Aspen ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Specific Localization ◽  
Populus Spp

There is controversy concerning the presence of xyloglucans in gelatinous (G) layers of Populus spp. tension wood, particularly in mature G-fibers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) immunogold localization combined with LM15 antibody (recognizes XXXG-motif of xyloglucans, heptasaccharide) was used to investigate the distribution of xyloglucan epitopes in both transverse and radial sections of P. tremula tension wood. Results provided clear evidence for the presence of xyloglucans in both mature and developing G-layers. Developmental decrease of LM15 epitope localization in G-layers was also detected during G-fiber maturation. High magnification TEM observations showed specific localization of LM15 epitopes on newly synthesized cellulose macrofibrils present in the innermost layer of developing G-layers adjacent to the cell lumen, suggesting linkage between xyloglucans and cellulose macrofibrils. Possible mechanisms were discussed for developmental changes of xyloglucan with respect to the different results reported in the literature.

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