Anatomical properties of Hibiscus macrophyllus and its mature wood development

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-485
Author(s):  
Efrida Basri ◽  
Ratih Damayanti ◽  
Atmawi Darwis ◽  
Saefudin ◽  
Imam Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wood Development ◽  
Anatomical Properties

Abstract The Hibiscus macrophyllus tree is widely planted in Indonesia especially on Java Island. It has several advantages to be developed commercially as a community or plantation forest compared to the famous introduced species Falcataria moluccana and Anthocephalus spp., including faster growth, higher wood density, and better stem morphology (straighter, more rounded, and lesser branches). However, information about the basic properties of this wood grown in plantations is limited. This study aimed to investigate the anatomical properties of H. macrophyllus and their variation at three ages (8, 12 and 16 years old), as well as to predict the mature wood development by using radial variation in fiber length, microfibril angle (MFA), and wood density from pith toward the bark as the indicators. The wood samples were obtained from a community forest area at Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. Furthermore, anatomical characteristics were examined through wood slides following the IAWA List, while fibre and vessel element dimensions were measured through macerated specimens prepared by modified Franklin’s method. The MFA was determined by X-Ray Diffraction, while wood density was measured in line with British Standard 373-57. The results showed that the anatomical structures were not influenced by tree age, except for wood porosity, and fibre and vessel element dimensions. The 16-year-old tree tended to be semi-ring-porous, the younger trees were diffuse-porous, while the fiber and vessel element length, as well as the diameter, were decreased. Meanwhile, the wall thickness was increased. The fibre length, MFA, and wood density were useful indicators for wood maturity that seemed to be developed at about 11 years of age.

Revisiting the transition between juvenile and mature wood: a comparison of fibre length, microfibril angle and relative wood density in lodgepole pine

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Mansfield ◽  
Roberta Parish ◽  
C. Mario Di Lucca ◽  
James Goudie ◽  
Kyu-Young Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Fibre Traits

AbstractIn an attempt to examine the dynamic inter-relationship among wood density and fibre traits [tracheid length and microfibril angle (MFA)] in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), 60 trees were sampled in three age classes from four sites in central British Columbia. Breast height discs were taken and relative wood density was measured along two radii. Tracheid length was assessed on isolated 5-year increments from pith to bark at breast height for each tree. MFA was determined every 50 μm and the 5-mm composite intervals from pith to bark per disc at breast height were used in the analysis. Segmented regression was employed to identify the “juvenile to mature wood” transition point, which revealed transition ages of 31, 18 and 15 for wood density, fibre length and MFA, respectively. These traits were related to primary growth, expressed as area increment, ring width, percent earlywood and height increment during the juvenile wood phase. Comparisons of wood and fibre traits showed a higher congruence between the time of transitions for fibre length and MFA (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.52) than that between fibre length and wood density (0.07), and MFA and wood density (0.16). The cessation of early rapid radial increment growth terminated before wood and fibre transitions to mature wood occurred. Fibre length was significantly, but not strongly, related to ring width and percent earlywood (0.35 for both). The duration of juvenile fibre production was not significantly related to height growth.

Direct Effects of Wood Characteristics on Pulp and Handsheet Properties of Eucalyptus globulus

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wimmer ◽  
G.M. Downes ◽  
R. Evans ◽  
G. Rasmussen ◽  
J. French
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Bending Stiffness ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Handsheet Properties

Summary Fibre length, microfibril angle and wood density were measured in eight-year-old Eucalyptus globulus clones planted on three different sites. Samples were chipped and pulped, and the pulps beaten prior to preparation of 60g/m2 handsheets. Eleven physical handsheet properties, together with pulp freeness, were measured using standard methods. Direct relationships between wood properties and pulp/paper properties were studied using path analysis. Fibre length had a strong, direct effect on tear index, bending stiffness, freeness, pulp yield and active alkali consumption. Wood density was a strong predictor of most handsheet properties: high density woods produced bulkier, more porous sheets with higher bending stiffness, while lower density woods produced smoother, denser sheets with higher tensile strength.The effect of microfibril angle was small and more evident in handsheets made from beaten pulp.

Relationships between Density, Shrinkage, Extractives Content and Microfibril Angle in Tension Wood from Three Provenances of 10-Year-Old Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Washusen ◽  
P. Ades ◽  
R. Evans ◽  
J. Ilic ◽  
P. Vinden
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Saturation Method ◽  
Improvement Programs

Summary Density and microfibril angle (MFA) of tension wood and normal wood were assessed in the sapwood and heartwood, from three provenanaces of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Density was measured using a modified saturation method that also enabled the calculation of the extractives lost during saturation. Microdensity and MFA were determined by SilviScan 2, a rapid X-ray densitometry and X-ray diffraction system developed at CSIRO. Significant differences were found in density and extractives between provenances and also density between the sapwood and adjacent heartwood from each provenance. This result may explain some of the drying differences between provenances found in an earlier study (Washusen and Ilic 2000). Sapwood samples with high percentages of tension wood fibres had high density and a significant positive correlation was found between microdensity and tension wood fibre percentage. MFA was found to be very low in normal wood in the sapwood, where most tension wood was found, so tension wood could not be identified by MFA. The positive association between tension wood and wood density suggests that caution should be taken when selecting trees for high wood density in tree improvement programs.

Influence of stocking on radial and longitudinal variation in modulus of elasticity, microfibril angle, and density in a 24-year-old Pinus radiata thinning trial

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1422-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Watt ◽  
Branislav Zoric ◽  
Mark O. Kimberley ◽  
Jonathan Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Graphical Model ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Longitudinal Variation ◽  
Maximum Difference

Detailed radial measurements of wood properties at four heights (0, 1.4, 5, and 20 m) were taken from 24-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don growing at four final crop stockings (200, 350, 500, and 1100 stems·ha–1). Using these measurements, the objectives of the study were to examine pith-to-bark trends at several heights to (i) determine how stocking influenced modulus of elasticity (MoE), wood density, and microfibril angle (MFA), (ii) quantify the relations among these properties and age at different stocking levels, and (iii) develop a graphical model for MoE across the stocking range. The influence of stocking on all wood properties was primarily expressed through a highly significant interaction between age and stocking. Wood properties in the highest stocking treatment diverged from those in the lowest stocking treatment at tree age 5 to reach a maximum difference of 92 kg·m–3 (488 vs. 580 kg·m–3) at tree age 18 for density, –5.7° (29.2° vs. 23.5°) at tree age 10 for MFA, and 5.1 GPa (12.1 vs. 17.2 GPa) at tree age 20 years for MoE. Graphical predictions from the model show greatest gains in MoE at high final crop stocking to occur over the lower part of the stem.

scholarly journals VARIATION OF MICROFIBRIL ANGLE OF Pinus radiata D. Don IN RELATION TO TREE SPACING IN CHILEAN PLANTATIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Alteyrac
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

ABSTRACTFour stands of 28-year-old radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) grown in the eighth region (Biobio) of Chile were sampled to determine the effect of tree spacing on the microfibril angle. The samples were taken at two different stem levels of the tree, 2.5 m and 7.5 m, with increment strip taken in the Nothern direction. The four experimental stands were characterized by the following spacing 2x2, 2x3, 3x4 and 4x4. The microfibril angle was measured by X-ray diffraction with the SilviScan technology at the FP-Innovation-Paprican Division in Vancouver, Canada. The results showed a significant effect of tree spacing on the microfibril angle in both juvenile wood and mature wood as well as at the two stem levels considered. The minimum (9.42º) was reached in 2x2 stand at 7.5 m in mature wood, while maximum microfibril angle (24.54º) was obtained in 2x3 stand at 2.5 m in juvenile wood. Regarding the effect of tree spacing, 4x4 stand had the lowest microfibril angle,except in mature wood at 7.5 m where 4x4 had the highest microfibril angle (11°) of the four stands.

Variation of Microfibril Angle in Plantation trees of Cunninghamia Lanceolata Determined by pit Apertures and X-Ray Diffraction

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafang Yin ◽  
Kunlin Song ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Xiaomei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ultrastructural Feature ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
The Difference

Microfibril angle (MFA) is an important ultrastructural feature of the wood cell wall that provides insight into tree growth and wood quality. Unfortunately, it is a property whose value is sensitive to the method of measurement. The aims of this study are to clarify and compare the variation of MFA in Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.] plantation trees by using the pit aperture (PA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. A decrease in the average MFA from 25° to 12° as determined by PA and from 15° to 9° as determined by XRD was shown from growth ring 2 to ring 26. When measured at various stem heights up to 5.3 m, the MFA decreased from 18° to 15° using PA and from 12° to 9° using XRD. The results show that XRD tended to measure lower MFA values both in the juvenile and mature wood than PA. The majority of within-tree variation in MFA is mainly attributed to the difference between the juvenile and mature wood.

A Study of the Nanostructure of the Cellulose of Acacia mangium Wood by X-Ray Diffraction and Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering

2011 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabet A. Tamer ◽  
Fauziah Abdul Aziz ◽  
Radiman Shahidan
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Ray Scattering

The purpose of this study was to develop practical and reliable small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction methods to study the nanostructure of the wood cell wall and to use these methods to systematically study the nanostructure of Acacia mangium wood grown in Sabah, Malaysia. Methods to determine the microfibril angle (MFA) distribution, the crystallinity of wood, and the average size of cellulose crystallites were developed and these parameters were determined as a function of the tree age and the distance from pith towards the bark. The mean MFA in Acacia mangium increases rapidly as a function of the number of the year and after the 7th year-old it varies between 6° and 10°. The thickness of cellulose crystallites for Acacia mangium appears to be constant as a function of the tree age after 10-year-old. The obtained mean value is 3.20 nm. The size of the cellulose crystallites was also quite constant after 11 year-old. The maximum value of the width of the crystallites for Acacia mangium was 2.34 nm at the pith region, while the minimum value was 0.290 nm at the bark region. The mass fraction of crystalline cellulose in wood is the crystallinity of wood and the intrinsic crystallinity of cellulose. The crystallinity of wood increases from the 3nd year-old to the 10th year-old from the pith and is constant after the 10th year.

scholarly journals Intra-Ring Variations and Interrelationships for Selected Wood Anatomical and Physical Properties of Thuja Occidentalis L.

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Besma Bouslimi ◽  
Ahmed Koubaa ◽  
Yves Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Latewood Density

Intra-ring variation in wood density and tracheid anatomical properties and wood property interrelationships were investigated in Thuja occidentalis L. Samples were taken from three stands in Abitibi–Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada. The structure of T. occidentalis wood is simple, homogeneous and uniform, which is desirable for wooden structures that require wood uniformity. From early- to latewood, cell and lumen diameter decreased, while cell wall thickness increased. These changes led to an increase of the cell wall proportion. Wood ring density and width interrelationships were weaker in mature wood compared to juvenile wood. Earlywood density is the more important in determining mature wood density than latewood density and proportion. Earlywood density explains 92% and 89% of the variation in juvenile and mature wood density, respectively. The negative relationship between ring density and width, although significant, was low and tends to weaken with increasing tree age, thus providing the opportunity for silvicultural practices to improve both growth and wood density. Ring width was positively and strongly correlated to early- and latewood width, but negatively correlated to tracheid length and latewood proportion. Accordingly, increases in ring width produce smaller tracheids and wider earlywood without a corresponding increase in latewood. Practical implications of the results are discussed.

Crystallinity as a Non-Destructive Indicator of Wood Hardness at Standing Trees

2015 ◽  
Vol 771 ◽  
pp. 232-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratih Damayanti ◽  
Jugo Ilic ◽  
Barbara Ozarska ◽  
Gustan Pari ◽  
Peter Vinden
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Grain Hardness ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Non Destructive

Wood hardness is an important property for flooring, furniture products and structural utilization. Currently wood hardness can only be measured using destructive testing. As there is no suitable method for predicting wood hardness from standing trees, developing a non-destructive technique to predict wood hardness from plantations trees would provide significant benefits for evaluating optimal silvicultural treatments, and for selecting trees for tree improvement programs. It is proposed initillay that a possible non-destructive test may be developed using „crystallinity“ characteristics (degree of crystallinity (DC), crystalite width (CW) and length (CL) and microfibril angle (MFA)) determined using X-Ray diffraction. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of using crystallinity as a non-destructive indicator of wood hardness. Experimentally, nine trees were taken representing small, medium and large diameter from five-year old fast growing teak plantation forest in Ciampea, Bogor, Indonesia. Wood hardness and crystallinity were determined following a standard testing regime. The results showed that MFA was negatively related to all hardness directions. Crstallite width only influenced side hardness with negative correlation, while degree of crystallinity only affected the end-grain hardness with positive correlation. Different vertical positions within tree only influenced the end-grain hardness value, while different radial positions had no effect on wood hardness. The optimum sampling height was found to be 80 cm, 130 cm, and 100 cm for radial, tangential and end-grain hardness, respectively. The relationship was based on the height that provided the highest correlation with the whole tree hardness values. Proposed models involving density and „crystallinity“ for predicting wood hardness are presented. While the R2from the proposed models was mostly less than 0.50, however, the approach described provides a new way to predict wood hardness from 10 mm increment cores at standing trees.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document