VARIATION OF MICROFIBRIL ANGLE OF Pinus radiata D. Don IN RELATION TO TREE SPACING IN CHILEAN PLANTATIONS

ABSTRACTFour stands of 28-year-old radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) grown in the eighth region (Biobio) of Chile were sampled to determine the effect of tree spacing on the microfibril angle. The samples were taken at two different stem levels of the tree, 2.5 m and 7.5 m, with increment strip taken in the Nothern direction. The four experimental stands were characterized by the following spacing 2x2, 2x3, 3x4 and 4x4. The microfibril angle was measured by X-ray diffraction with the SilviScan technology at the FP-Innovation-Paprican Division in Vancouver, Canada. The results showed a significant effect of tree spacing on the microfibril angle in both juvenile wood and mature wood as well as at the two stem levels considered. The minimum (9.42º) was reached in 2x2 stand at 7.5 m in mature wood, while maximum microfibril angle (24.54º) was obtained in 2x3 stand at 2.5 m in juvenile wood. Regarding the effect of tree spacing, 4x4 stand had the lowest microfibril angle,except in mature wood at 7.5 m where 4x4 had the highest microfibril angle (11°) of the four stands.

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Preferred crystallographic orientation in mature and juvenile wood

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials ◽

10.1524/zkri.2007.222.3-4.199 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 222 (3-4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jan T. Bonarski ◽

Wieslaw Olek

Keyword(s):

Distribution Function ◽

Juvenile Wood ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Orientation Distribution ◽

Experimental Methods ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Traditional Concept ◽

X Ray ◽

Pole Figures ◽

The Mean

Investigations of the crystallograpically organized regions of mature and juvenile Scots pine wood were performed. Experimental methods of X-ray diffraction were applied. Incomplete pole figures were measured, in order to calculate the orientation distribution function. The differences in the texture of the mature and juvenile wood were determined. The traditional concept of the mean microfibril angle was enhanced by developing the misorientation parameters. Evident differences in the space arrangement of cellulose of the both zones of wood were identified and described.

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Variation of Microfibril Angle in Plantation trees of Cunninghamia Lanceolata Determined by pit Apertures and X-Ray Diffraction

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000044 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 77-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yafang Yin ◽

Kunlin Song ◽

Bo Liu ◽

Xiaomei Jiang

Keyword(s):

Growth Ring ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Ultrastructural Feature ◽

Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽

Mature Wood ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Method Of Measurement ◽

The Difference

Microfibril angle (MFA) is an important ultrastructural feature of the wood cell wall that provides insight into tree growth and wood quality. Unfortunately, it is a property whose value is sensitive to the method of measurement. The aims of this study are to clarify and compare the variation of MFA in Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.] plantation trees by using the pit aperture (PA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. A decrease in the average MFA from 25° to 12° as determined by PA and from 15° to 9° as determined by XRD was shown from growth ring 2 to ring 26. When measured at various stem heights up to 5.3 m, the MFA decreased from 18° to 15° using PA and from 12° to 9° using XRD. The results show that XRD tended to measure lower MFA values both in the juvenile and mature wood than PA. The majority of within-tree variation in MFA is mainly attributed to the difference between the juvenile and mature wood.

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Relationships between Density, Shrinkage, Extractives Content and Microfibril Angle in Tension Wood from Three Provenances of 10-Year-Old Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2001.029 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 176-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

R. Washusen ◽

P. Ades ◽

R. Evans ◽

J. Ilic ◽

P. Vinden

Keyword(s):

Wood Density ◽

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

Tension Wood ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Positive Association ◽

Normal Wood ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Saturation Method ◽

Improvement Programs

Summary Density and microfibril angle (MFA) of tension wood and normal wood were assessed in the sapwood and heartwood, from three provenanaces of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Density was measured using a modified saturation method that also enabled the calculation of the extractives lost during saturation. Microdensity and MFA were determined by SilviScan 2, a rapid X-ray densitometry and X-ray diffraction system developed at CSIRO. Significant differences were found in density and extractives between provenances and also density between the sapwood and adjacent heartwood from each provenance. This result may explain some of the drying differences between provenances found in an earlier study (Washusen and Ilic 2000). Sapwood samples with high percentages of tension wood fibres had high density and a significant positive correlation was found between microdensity and tension wood fibre percentage. MFA was found to be very low in normal wood in the sapwood, where most tension wood was found, so tension wood could not be identified by MFA. The positive association between tension wood and wood density suggests that caution should be taken when selecting trees for high wood density in tree improvement programs.

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Microfibril Angle: Measurement, Variation and Relationships – A Review

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000192 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 345-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 154

Author(s):

Lloyd Donaldson

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Large Scale ◽

Juvenile Wood ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Basic Density ◽

Angle Measurement ◽

Axial Stiffness ◽

Timber Species ◽

Increment Core ◽

X Ray

Microfibril angle (MFA) is perhaps the easiest ultrastructural variable to measure for wood cell walls, and certainly the only such variable that has been measured on a large scale. Because cellulose is crystalline, the MFA of the S2 layer can be measured by X-ray diffraction. Automated X-ray scanning devices such as SilviScan have produced large datasets for a range of timber species using increment core samples. In conifers, microfibril angles are large in the juvenile wood and small in the mature wood. MFA is larger at the base of the tree for a given ring number from the pith, and decreases with height, increasing slightly at the top tree. In hardwoods, similar patterns occur, but with much less variation and much smaller microfibril angles in juvenile wood. MFA has significant heritability, but is also influenced by environmental factors as shown by its increased values in compression wood, decreased values in tension wood and, often, increased values following nutrient or water supplementation. Adjacent individual tracheids can show moderate differences in MFA that may be related to tracheid length, but not to lumen diameter or cell wall thickness. While there has been strong interest in the MFA of the S2 layer, which dominates the axial stiffness properties of tracheids and fibres, there has been little attention given to the microfibril angles of S1 and S3 layers, which may influence collapse resistance and other lateral properties. Such investigations have been limited by the much greater difficulty of measuring angles for these wall layers. MFA, in combination with basic density, shows a strong relationship to longitudinal modulus of elasticity, and to longitudinal shrinkage, which are the main reasons for interest in this cell wall property in conifers. In hardwoods, MFA is of more interest in relation to growth stress and shrinkage behaviour.

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Determining the main and interactive effect of age and clone on wood density, microfibril angle, and modulus of elasticity for Pinus radiata

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x10-095 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (8) ◽

pp. 1550-1557 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Michael S. Watt ◽

Charles Sorensson ◽

Dave J. Cown ◽

Heidi S. Dungey ◽

Robert Evans

Keyword(s):

Pinus Radiata ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Tree Age ◽

Clonal Variation

Detailed radial measurements of wood properties, taken at breast height, were obtained from control pollinated seedlings and a selection of 13 year old radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) clones. Using these data the key objectives of this study were to determine (i) the magnitude of mean clonal variation in modulus of elasticity (MOE) and properties affecting MOE (density and microfibril angle (MFA)) and (ii) whether there is a significant age × clone interaction for these traits. All wood properties were significantly affected by the main and interactive effects of age and clone. There was a relatively linear increase in both MOE and density with tree age, while MFA declined linearly with tree age. Values of density and MOE diverged between the clonal extremes from age 3 to age 12. After diverging markedly up to age 6, differences in MFA between clonal extremes remained relatively constant to age 12. At age 12, values for density, MFA, and MOE varied between clonal extremes by, respectively, 194 kg·m–3 (465–659 kg·m–3), 11.3° (9.6–20.9°), and 11.2 GPa (10.4–21.6 GPa). The seedling material had a relatively intermediate ranking, across the age range, for all traits considered.

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Influence of juvenile and mature wood on anatomical and chemical properties of early and late wood from Chinese fir plantation

Journal of Wood Science ◽

10.1186/s10086-021-02005-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Changqing Lu ◽

Jun Wu ◽

Qianqian Jiang ◽

Yamei Liu ◽

Liang Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Wood ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Chinese Fir ◽

Mature Wood ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Late Wood ◽

Significant Difference

AbstractThe proportion of juvenile wood affects the utilization of wood seriously, and the transition year of juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) plays a decisive role in the rotation and the modification of wood. To find out the demarcation of JW and MW, the tracheid length (TL) and microfibril angle (MFA) of early wood (EW) and late wood (LW) from four Chinese fir clones were measured by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then the data were analyzed by the k-means clustering method. The correlation and the differences among wood properties between JW and MW were compared. Results indicated that the LW showed better properties than that of EW, but the anatomical differences between EW and LW did not influence the demarcation of JW and MW. The cluster analysis of TL and MFA showed that the transition year was in the 16th year and the transition zone of EW and LW was different among clones. The MW has longer and wider tracheid, thicker cell walls, and smaller MFA. In terms of chemistry, MW had a higher content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, less content of extract, but no significant difference in lignin content compared with JW. The stabilization of chemical components was earlier than that of the anatomic properties. Correlation analysis showed that there were strong correlations between the chemical composition and anatomical characteristics in JW and MW. In general, compared with chemical components, anatomical indicators were more suitable for JW and MW demarcation. The differences and correlations between JW and MW properties provide a theoretical basis for wood rotation and planting.

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Genetic control of transition from juvenile to mature wood with respect to microfibril angle in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2018-0140 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (11) ◽

pp. 1358-1365 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Haleh Hayatgheibi ◽

Nils Erik Gustaf Forsberg ◽

Sven-Olof Lundqvist ◽

Tommy Mörling ◽

Ewa J. Mellerowicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Picea Abies ◽

Genetic Control ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Juvenile Wood ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Mature Wood ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Narrow Sense Heritability

Genetic control of microfibril angle (MFA) transition from juvenile wood to mature wood was evaluated in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon). Increment cores were collected at breast height (1.3 m) from 5664 trees in two 21-year-old Norway spruce progeny trials in southern Sweden and from 823 trees in two lodgepole pine progeny trials, aged 34–35 years, in northern Sweden. Radial variations in MFA from pith to bark were measured for each core using SilviScan. To estimate MFA transition from juvenile wood to mature wood, a threshold level of MFA 20° was considered, and six different regression functions were fitted to the MFA profile of each tree after exclusion of outliers, following three steps. The narrow-sense heritability estimates (h2) obtained for MFA transition were highest based on the slope function, ranging from 0.21 to 0.23 for Norway spruce and from 0.34 to 0.53 for lodgepole pine, while h2 were mostly non-significant based on the logistic function, under all exclusion methods. Results of this study indicate that it is possible to select for an earlier MFA transition from juvenile wood to mature wood in Norway spruce and lodgepole pine selective breeding programs, as the genetic gains (ΔG) obtained in direct selection of this trait were very high in both species.

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Anatomical properties of Hibiscus macrophyllus and its mature wood development

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-bja10067 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 475-485

Author(s):

Efrida Basri ◽

Ratih Damayanti ◽

Atmawi Darwis ◽

Saefudin ◽

Imam Wahyudi

Keyword(s):

Wood Density ◽

Fibre Length ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Mature Wood ◽

Tree Age ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Plantation Forest ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Wood Development ◽

Anatomical Properties

Abstract The Hibiscus macrophyllus tree is widely planted in Indonesia especially on Java Island. It has several advantages to be developed commercially as a community or plantation forest compared to the famous introduced species Falcataria moluccana and Anthocephalus spp., including faster growth, higher wood density, and better stem morphology (straighter, more rounded, and lesser branches). However, information about the basic properties of this wood grown in plantations is limited. This study aimed to investigate the anatomical properties of H. macrophyllus and their variation at three ages (8, 12 and 16 years old), as well as to predict the mature wood development by using radial variation in fiber length, microfibril angle (MFA), and wood density from pith toward the bark as the indicators. The wood samples were obtained from a community forest area at Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. Furthermore, anatomical characteristics were examined through wood slides following the IAWA List, while fibre and vessel element dimensions were measured through macerated specimens prepared by modified Franklin’s method. The MFA was determined by X-Ray Diffraction, while wood density was measured in line with British Standard 373-57. The results showed that the anatomical structures were not influenced by tree age, except for wood porosity, and fibre and vessel element dimensions. The 16-year-old tree tended to be semi-ring-porous, the younger trees were diffuse-porous, while the fiber and vessel element length, as well as the diameter, were decreased. Meanwhile, the wall thickness was increased. The fibre length, MFA, and wood density were useful indicators for wood maturity that seemed to be developed at about 11 years of age.

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