The Smuggling Protocol and the Criminalization of Humanitarian Activities at Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-108
Author(s):  
Laura Salvadego
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Legislative Reform ◽  
Implementation Gap

Abstract This paper focuses on some recent events of criminalization of humanitarian activities at sea in Italy, and precisely the Open Arms and the Sea Watch 3 cases. It is stated that criminalization of humanitarian activities at sea is largely due to a substantial ‘implementation gap’ between the Smuggling Protocol and the current EU legal framework on people smuggling, that is the so-called ‘Facilitators’ Package’ of 2002. It is further contended that legal certainty requirements make legislative reform necessary in Italy to prevent the criminalization of humanitarian activities at sea.

scholarly journals European prosecution between cooperation and integration: The European Public Prosecutor’s Office and the rule of law

2021 ◽  
pp. 1023263X2110059
Author(s):  
Valsamis Mitsilegas
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
European Public ◽  
Judicial Protection ◽  
Current Rule ◽  
Academic Debate

The article will examine the challenges that the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office poses for the rule of law – a question which has been underexplored in the policy and academic debate on the establishment of the EPPO, which focused largely on questions of structure and powers of the EPPO and the battle between intergovernmental and supranational visions of European prosecution. The implications of the finally adopted legal framework on the EPPO on the rule of law will be analysed primarily from the perspective of the rule of law as related to EPPO investigations and prosecutions and their consequences for affected individuals – in terms of legal certainty and foreseeability, protection from executive arbitrariness, effective judicial protection and defence rights. The article will undertake a rule of law audit of the EPPO by focusing on three key elements of its legal architecture – the competence of the EPPO, applicable law and judicial review – and the interaction between EU and national levels of investigation and prosecution that the EPPO Regulation envisages. The analysis will aim to cast light on the current rule of law deficit in a hybrid system of European prosecution located somewhere between co-operation and integration.

Don’t Ask, Do(n’t) Tell: Homeschooling in Hong Kong

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-319
Author(s):  
Esther ERLINGS
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Home Education ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Compulsory Schooling ◽  
History Of ◽  
1997 Handover ◽  
The Government

AbstractHong Kong’s history of compulsory schooling (as opposed to education) commenced under colonial rule and has been maintained by the local government following the 1997 Handover. Beyond the exception of “reasonable cause,” homeschooling, or elective home education, is in principle prohibited under the laws of Hong Kong. However, there is evidence of a growing homeschooling community in Hong Kong that relies on loopholes in the law and an apparent de facto government policy to operate. This article sets out the background, legal framework, and homeschooling practice in Hong Kong. It criticizes the current situation from the perspectives of legal certainty and children’s rights. The author suggests that the government should take action to devise clear laws and public policy in relation to elective home education.

Die Auswirkung von Umwandlungen auf die Verantwortlichkeit von Vorstand und Geschäftsführung

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Mennemann
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Transformation Processes

If a corporation is transformed, tensions may arise at various points between the legal provisions existing prior to the transformation and the rules applicable thereafter. One area of particular practical relevance is the liability of board members, which is the subject of this publication. Furthermore, the question of discharge of the management in the context of a transformation is addressed. The focus lies on the problem of the extent to which transformation processes lead to a cut-off of the legal framework applicable to the transformed legal entity and/or the extent to which it continues to apply. By answering various controversial questions in this regard, it is also intended to enable practice to handle the issue with legal certainty.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN BAHASA INDONESIA SEBAGAI SYARAT OBYEKTIF DALAM PEMBUATAN PERJANJIAN PINJAM MEMINJAM (AKAD ‘ARIYAH) YANG BERBENTUK AKTA OTENTIK: Studi Kasus Terhadap Putusan Hakim Mahkamah Agung No. 1572 K/Pdt/2015

JURISDICTIE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Nur Irma Rahayu ◽  
Rachmat Syafa'at ◽  
Aan Eko Widiarto
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Legal Consequence ◽  
Code Procedure ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

<p>Halal cause is an essential element in Indonesian legal agreement. Its definition in the Article 1320 of Civil Code Procedure is unclearly elaborated leading to multi interpretations. There is even Judge’s interpretation in the language use that cause its invalidity only because Indonesian language is considered as a halal cause. This leads to uncertainty of all parties involved in a agreement. This research discusses the accuracy of ratio legis of Supreme Court judges in decree Number 1572 K.Pdt.2015 that decides the authentic deeds of loan agreement and fiduciary guarantee for an object as void at law. The researcher employs normative juridical method. The approaches employed are legislation, conceptual, and case. The research reveals, there is irrelevant interpretation of halal cause by Supreme Court judges in decree 1572/K/Pdt/2015 when related to the Article 1320 of Civil Code Procedure and Rasio legis of the judges; the decision has overlooked the provision of foreign language use in the authentic deeds as regulated in notary office law. It is because the legal framework used infringes the principle of lex spesialis derogat legi generalli. Furthermore, the legal consequence toward the authentic deeds regarding the use of foreign language agreed by all agreement parties written in decree Number 1572 K.Pdt.2015 should not be void at law because it does not guarantee the legal certainty of all deed makers.</p><p><br />Kausa halal merupakan unsur krusial dalam Hukum perjanjian Indonesia. Maknanya dalam pasal 1320 KUHPerdata kurang terjabar jelas sehingga ada multi tafsir. Bahkan ada penafsiran Hakim terhadap bahasa ini yang berakibat pembatalan akta hanya karena menganggap Bahasa Indonesia masuk dalam kausa halal. Hal ini membuat ketidakpastian pihak pembuat perjanjian. Penelitian ini membahas ketepatan rasio legis hakim Mahkamah Agung dalam putusan No. 1572 K.Pdt.2015 yang memutuskan batal demi hukum akta otentik perjanjian pinjam-meminjam dan perjanjian Jaminan Fidusia Atas Benda. Peneliti menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus. Hasil penelitian, hakim Mahkamah Agung kurang tepat dalam memaknai kausa halal No. 1572/K/Pdt/2015 yang terkait dengan pasal 1320 KUHperdata dan rasio legis hakim; keputusannya mengesampingkan ketentuan penggunaan bahasa asing dalam akta otentik yang telah diatur Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris. hal ini karena dasar-dasar hukum yang digunakan hakim tidak tepat yaitu menyalahi asas lex spesialis derogat legi generalli. Serta, akibat hukum terhadap akta otentik perjanjiannya yang telah disepakati para pihak dengan menggunakan bahasa asing dalam putusan No. 1572 K.Pdt.2015 seharusnya tidak menjadi batal demi hukum karena putusan tersebut tidak menjamin kepastian hukum para pihak pembuat akta.</p>

scholarly journals El contrato de franquicia en la Propuesta de Anteproyecto de Ley de Código Mercantil tras el Dictamen del Consejo de Estado

2020 ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Guillermo Conde Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
State Council ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
Proposed Regulation

El presente trabajo aborda el análisis del contrato de franquicia a la luz de la regulación prevista para los contratos de distribución en los artículos 545-1 y ss. de la Propuesta de Anteproyecto de Ley de Código Mercantil tras el Dictamen del Consejo de Estado. Pese a su gran importancia, nuestro ordenamiento jurídico carece actualmente de un régimen legal que regule un marco jurídico propio del contrato de franquicia, teniendo por tanto dicho contrato la consideración de atípico. No obstante, si bien la Ley 7/1996, de 15 de enero, de Ordenación del Comercio Minorista y el Real Decreto 201/2010, de 26 de febrero, por el que se regula el ejercicio de la actividad comercial en régimen de franquicia y la comunicación de datos al registro de franquiciadores, regulan algunos aspectos del contrato de franquicia en España, dichas regulaciones resultan del todo insuficientes, de tal manera que a día de hoy el contrato de franquicia continúa teniendo al Código Civil y al Código de Comercio como principales referencias normativas. De esta manera, la regulación del contrato de franquicia prevista en la Propuesta de Anteproyecto de Ley de Código Mercantil tras el Dictamen del Consejo de Estado, pese a no ser el primer intento de regular el contrato de franquicia, de finalmente materializarse constituirá un importante avance en la regulación de dicha figura contractual en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, aportando mayor seguridad jurídica al sector de la franquicia en España.This paper analyzes the franchise agreement in light of the regulation provided for distribution agreements in articles 545-1 et seq. of the Proposal of the Draft Law of the Commercial Code issued after the Opinion of the Spanish State Council. Despite its great importance, our legal system currently lacks a legal regime that regulates a legal framework of the franchise agreement, therefore, said agreement is considered as atypical. However, although Law 7/1996, of January 15, on Retail Trade and Royal Decree 201/2010, of February 26, which regulates the exercise of commercial activity under the franchise regime and the communication of data to the franchisor registry, regulate some aspects of the franchise agreement in Spain, these regulations are completely insufficient, therefore to this day the franchise agreement continues to have the Spanish Civil Code and the Spanish Commercial Code as its main legal references. Thus, the proposed regulation of the franchise agreement provided for in the Proposal of the Draft Law of the Commercial Code issued after the Opinion of the Spanish State Council, despite not being the first attempt to regulate the franchise agreement, if it finally occurs will constitute an important step forward in the regulation of such agreement in our legal system, providing greater legal certainty for the franchise sector in Spain.

scholarly journals LEGAL PERPSECTIVE ON THE TRADE FACILITATION AGREEMENT (TFA): INDONESIA CASE STUDIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ozy Diva Ersya
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Legal Uncertainty

he application of trade facilitation needs further analyses in the context of Indonesian’s law. So far Indonesia does not yet ratify the trade facilitation agreement. In one hand the trade facilitation is a compulsory requirement that must be fulfilled by a state, in other hands the state does not provide a legal instrument. The consequence is legal uncertainty to those parties who want to invest their money in Indonesia. The trade facilitation will also in line with ASEAN programs. Those programs have same purposes to fasten the movement of goods and services by providing legal certainty on trade facilitation foundations. The WTO TFA can be used as ‘soft-law’ for Indonesian legal framework to apply trade facilitation enhancement, although it is not yet ratified by Indonesia. The WTO TFA will easily appropriate and have legal force if the implementation of the WTO TFA into Indonesian national legal structure is also noticeable.

Reactions and Overreactions to the Russian Flag on the Seabed at the North Pole

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 499-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Serdy
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
The North ◽  
Media Reports

Abstract Despite alarmist media reports and rhetoric from some who should know better, there is no cause for concern about Russian activities on the Arctic seabed. While the melting Arctic Ocean ice cover will have profound consequences for navigation, there is no reason for the resources regime of the continental shelf (including the part beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines) to be affected, and whatever happens on the seabed will have no effect on sovereignty over the land. The gimmickry of the flag-planting aside, most of the criticism of Russian activities incorrectly assumes they depart from the established international legal framework. In fact they are a good example of compliance with the framework that will have the beneficial effect of contributing to legal certainty about jurisdictional boundaries. Under the rules in Article 76 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea for establishing the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, Russia and other coastal States are not making “claims” but merely technical submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on where the outer limits of their shelves run. The geological circumstances of the Lomonossov Ridge traversing the North Pole may well support the enclosure of at least part of it within Russia’s continental shelf, and possibly the same would apply to a submission by Denmark from the other (Greenland) end of the Ridge, which it has until 2014 to make. In practice, the distance of the central Arctic Ocean from markets, extreme conditions and high extraction costs make hydrocarbon exploitation there unlikely even at the high oil prices of mid-2008.

Dare to Diverge: Time for Administrative Law in Hong Kong to Stand on Its Own Two Feet

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-456
Author(s):  
Stephen Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
English Law ◽  
Strength And Durability

Abstract Hong Kong’s system of administrative law has drawn strength and durability from its English counterpart, on which it was heavily modelled. Too often, however, there is a slavish acceptance of the pre-eminence of English law and a tendency to conservativism and a lack of innovation. This article argues that Hong Kong courts and legislators must dare to diverge from English law where an alternative path would prove more credible or appropriate. Three prisms are deployed through which to argue that a misplaced emulation of English law can result in a poor legal framework. First, it is shown that a failure to properly conceptualize error of law as a ground of judicial review has resulted in a ground that, locally, is in a state of incoherence and disarray and that the admission or non-admission of a distinction between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors urgently requires clarification from the Court of Final Appeal. Second, it is proposed that the English-inspired incorporation of a specific time limit in the rules for applying for judicial review should be abolished in the interests of access to justice and legal certainty, drawing on the experience of jurisdictions such as New Zealand, Canada, and Scotland. Finally, it is explained why the antiquated system of administrative tribunals in Hong Kong, redolent of the unreformed English tribunal system of decades past, needs comprehensive structural and procedural redesign. Courts and legislators must dare to diverge in these areas, with Hong Kong’s administrative law standing on its own two feet, where minds are focused on a genuine, locally crafted improvement of standards prevailing in administrative law and public administration.

scholarly journals Weaknesses in the Law Protecting the United Kingdom’s Remarkable Underwater Cultural Heritage: The Need for Modernisation and Reform

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-94
Author(s):  
Josh B. Martin ◽  
Toby Gane
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Legislative Reform ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Considerable Loss ◽  
Future Management

Abstract Despite the United Kingdom (UK) having been regarded as one of the richest hotspots for underwater cultural heritage (UCH), its policy and practice regarding its protection has displayed some areas of weakness. This paper makes a case to review the legal framework and its overall administration in the UK, in order to protect and preserve any remaining UCH before it is further lost or damaged. First, we introduce some of the flaws in the UK’s legal system protecting UCH, demonstrating how it has led to a considerable loss of cultural heritage and underlining how it is in need of modernisation. This includes discussion of issues raised in a number of recent cases, including the proposed Victory (1744) recovery project, the proposed Goodwin Sands dredging licence and various cases relating to the illegal recovery of material. We then map out how policy is implemented in practice and the role played by various institutions involved with its administration, where we find a schism between what policy intends and what it is achieving in practice. This takes us towards a broader discussion on how legislative reform might look, including a more proactive and ambitious approach to the future management and enjoyment of the UK’s impressive UCH. Here we argue the need for better engagement at the global and regional negotiating table, as well as in favour of adopting a unified and consistent policy which aims to be more sustainable, precautionary, proportionate and inclusive.

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