The Scope of Philanthropic Activity by the “Greeks” of Hungary (18th–19th Century). An Initial Critical Presentation and Assessment of the Phenomenon

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Ikaros Mantouvalos
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Special Place ◽  
National Body

In the organization, operation and growth of Greek communities and companies in the Hungarian hinterlands during the 18th and 19th century, a special place was held by the philanthropy of the expatriates who chose Hungary as their new homeland. These activities were expressed through legacies, bequests and charitable works in the host society and country of origin alike. The aim of this paper is not to deal with this topic as a whole, but rather to identify a number of issues associated with the personal philanthropy of the Görögök in Central Europe, a subject that still preoccupies historians who describe the phenomenon of beneficence. Among their concerns are: since the practice of bequests was widespread in all the newcomers’ social strata, what were the aims and uses of legacies and donations in the various periods, and how was the practice of philanthropy expressed in the adopted country as well as in their homeland? Also, to what degree does this benevolence reflect the internal discord and antagonisms between the members of a community, as well as the migrant subject’s entrance into the different religious and social environment of the Hapsburg Empire, and their eventual incorporation and/or assimilation into the national body of Hungary?

Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Passive Dispersal ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Arion Vulgaris

Abstract The invasiveness of A. vulgaris is related to several factors. Its ability and readiness to colonize humanly-disturbed environments is of major importance. Proschwitz (1997) observed that 99% of Swedish records were from synanthropic habitats and only 1% from natural woodlands. With a proximity to humans, comes the possibility of passive dispersal through trade, particularly in living plants. The garden centre trade and horticulture are particularly implicated (Weidema, 2006). In Poland, there is evidence from studies of molecular diversity that A. vulgaris has originated from repeated, separate introductions from other parts of Europe (Soroka et al., 2007). The ability of A. vulgaris to utilize a great variety of food sources and types has been well-documented and must aid dispersal and colonization. Other than its country of origin (France), it is considered to be invasive across western and central Europe, from the Pyrenees to eastern Poland and from southern France to north Italy, Austria and Slovakia and within an isolated range in eastern Bulgaria.

scholarly journals The Linkage Between Aging, Migration, and Resilience: Resilience in the Life of Older Turkish and Moroccan Immigrants

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 1113-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia S Klokgieters ◽  
Theo G van Tilburg ◽  
Dorly J H Deeg ◽  
Martijn Huisman
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Community Networks ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Access To Resources ◽  
Older Immigrants ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Life Story Interviews

Abstract Objectives Older immigrants are affected by an accumulation of adversities related to migration and aging. This study investigates resilience in older immigrants by examining the resources they use to deal with these adversities in the course of their lives. Methods Data from 23 life-story interviews with Turkish and Moroccan immigrants aged 60–69 years living in the Netherlands. Results The circumstances under which individuals foster resilience coincide with four postmigration life stages: settling into the host society, maintaining settlement, restructuring life postretirement, and increasing dependency. Resources that promote resilience include education in the country of origin, dealing with language barriers, having two incomes, making life meaningful, strong social and community networks, and the ability to sustain a transnational lifestyle traveling back and forth to the country of origin. More resilient individuals invest in actively improving their life conditions and are good at accepting conditions that cannot be changed. Discussion The study illustrates a link between conditions across life stages, migration, and resilience. Resilient immigrants are better able to accumulate financial and social and other resources across life stages, whereas less resilient immigrants lose access to resources in different life stages.

scholarly journals A Few Chapters of the Earlier History of Operational Urban Development in Central Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
László Bajnai ◽  
Attila Józsa
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
European History ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Member States ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
History Of

Abstract The necessity of operational urban development becomes obvious if we intend to respond with a planned urban development to the challenges posed by an environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable urbanization. We all know the means necessary to enable operational urban development, the ones making planned urban development possible in the most developed founding Member States of the EU as well as in Central Europe – the region of the former ‘Mitteleuropa’. Operational urban development needs to be fully consistent with its objective in a constantly changing public policy, market, economic, and social environment while also being guided by the current local conditions, which is why improving and developing its toolbox and methodology according to scientific standards is an ongoing task. In terms of the evolution of this process, the culture ensuring its control is a crucial factor, wherefore not only the existing toolbox and methodology, serving as its subject, is worth investigating but the very historical foundation it relies on. Indeed, this is a factor that, even despite an uncertain public policy and social environment, can prove conclusively that operational urban development, acting as a prerequisite for a conscious and planned urban development, is possible not merely because there is an established and rich toolbox in place in the most developed Western European EU Member States, which has been functioning continuously and efficiently since the end of World War II and which has, since 1990, increasingly provided for the reintegrating countries of Central Europe too, allowing for adaptation to the local conditions, but it is also possible because what we call in today's terms operational urban development is not some questionable practice of uncertain past but is nearly as ancient as the present-day European civilization with thousands of years of history, taken root in the wake of the Greek, Roman, Jewish, and Christian cultures – and this statement holds true not only for the most developed and richest countries but for those of Central Europe as well. The activity known today by the name of operational urban development already yielded some results in the past without which our cities would not be the same. This is not just the case in Western Europe but also in Central Europe. The mainstream of the European history of operational urban development that can be identified in connection with Italy, France, Germany, Spain, and England is a better-known and internationally more addressed topic in the literature even if it does not emerge in public awareness directly by this name but as a phenomenon integrated in other dimensions of the history of urbanism and architecture, the history of ideas, engineering, history, and geography. At the same time, although the turning points in its Central European history are increasingly present in scientific publications, the latter is still awaiting substantive treatment. In the above-specified context, the present study aims to facilitate this European cognitive process focused on Central Europe for ‘the history of science is science itself’.

scholarly journals The concept of bovarism illustrated by a postmodern prototype: Gheorghe Crăciun’s Pupa russa

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Bianca-Maria Bucur Tincu
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Real World ◽  
Critical Angle ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Thematic Approach ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper aims to illustrate the concept of bovarism as defined by Jules de Gaultier at the end of the 19th century, as illustrated by Pupa russa, a postmodernist novel written by Gheorghe Crăciun. The thematic approach evinced by the Romanian author is challenging its readership because it follows a rhizomatic literary narration that also encapsulates a historical dimension. The focus of the analysis is on the similarities and differences between Crăciun’s and Flaubert’s protagonists, Leontina Guran and Emma Bovary, and on the fascination and importance of the bovaristic trajectory, with its implications and dimensions. This critical angle unveils the novel’s message, as well as a heightened sense of awareness with regard to the realities of personal actions against the background of the communist regime.   The condition of the human being implies both outer and inner growth, yet there are several factors such as the societal conditions one is subjected to that can irrevocably change the future “I”. The episodes presenting LeonTina’s life are key elements, nodes of connections accessed by an objective and realistic eye. Therefore, all the observations are intended to clarify, to reveal the meanings and to outline the inner effects produced by a circular, closed social environment and how one can or cannot find one’s true way. The innate impulse of “becoming someone” can very easily be perceived as “becoming someone else”. Thus, the present critical approach is highly relevant to contemporary readers. The apparent freedom possessed by everyone in present times entails responsibility as well as danger. The present comparison is an example shedding light on some issues regarding bovaristic behaviour, which is more and more apparent in the real world.  

scholarly journals Early instrumental meteorological observations in Switzerland: 1708–1873

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Brugnara ◽  
Lucas Pfister ◽  
Leonie Villiger ◽  
Christian Rohr ◽  
Francesco Alessandro Isotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Past Climate ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Past Climate Variability

Abstract. We describe a dataset of recently digitised meteorological observations from 40 locations in today's Switzerland, covering the 18th and 19th century. Three fundamental variables – temperature, pressure, and precipitation – are provided in a standard format, after they have been converted into modern units and quality controlled. The raw data produced by the digitisation, often including additional variables and annotations, are also provided. Digitisation was performed by manually typing the data from photographs of the original sources, which were in most cases handwritten weather diaries. These observations will be important for studying past climate variability in Central Europe and in the Alps, although the general scarcity of metadata (e.g., detailed information on the instruments and their exposure) implies that some caution is required when using the data.

scholarly journals Editor's Introduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Adam Gaudry
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Indigenous Studies ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Faculty Presence ◽  
World Class ◽  
The Many ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
The University

The University of Victoria, in many ways, is a special place. It is one of the few universities in Canada where Indigenous issues are taught, discussed, and debated with the attention and care they deserve—and thanks to a cadre of excellent faculty and instructors, the debate has been a respectful one. The sizeable Indigenous faculty presence on campus, as well as a variety of programming options has created a healthy space for Indigenous scholarship. Perhaps one of the most important aspects of UVic is the constant acknowledgement that UVic is situated on the lands of the Coast and Straits Salish people. The presence of local Indigenous peoples—students, faculty, staff, and community members—as well as Indigenous peoples from further afield, makes for an enriching intellectual and social environment for those of us who study Indigenous issues here. In this atmosphere, learning extends to places outside of the classroom and provides for dynamic relationships with new people from different places with different perspectives. The University of Victoria has, quite deservedly, also developed a reputation as a world leader in Indigenous Studies, something that I have been reminded of at the many conferences I have attended across the continent. It is well known for producing some groundbreaking scholarship and attracting world-class students.

scholarly journals Perceived Discrimination, Social Environment, and Older Adults’ Psychological Well-Being

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 462-462
Author(s):  
Min-Kyoung Park ◽  
Christine Mair
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
The Social

Abstract Experiencing discrimination can have detrimental effects on psychological well-being. For older adults in the U.S., discrimination on the basis of country of origin may be a particularly alienating experience. A positive social environment, however, has been shown to buffer associations between discrimination and poorer psychological well-being. However, this hypothesis has not been tested in a sample of older Americans who perceive discrimination because of country of origin. As the United States continues to diversify and politically polarize, understanding older adults’ experiences with discrimination and identifying potential buffers to these negative effects is increasingly important. We analyze 942 older Americans (aged 50+) from the Psychosocial Module of the most recent wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2020). Specifically, we analyze associations between perceived discrimination on the basis of country of origin and three psychological well-being outcomes: loneliness, anxiety, and life satisfaction. We further test if the social environment buffers negative effects by examining interactions between discrimination and social support as well as discrimination and neighborhood environment. Our results reveal clear and consistent associations between older adults’ perceived discrimination and increased loneliness and decreased life satisfaction. These negative associations, however, appear to be buffered by social support and positive neighborhood environment, respectively. The potential buffering effect of positive social environments on psychological well-being is particularly pronounced for older adults under the age of 65. We discuss these findings in light of the prevalence of discrimination in the U.S. and consider potential mechanisms for improving the social environment of older adults.

Mapping of the Maritime Boundaries at Japan’s Northern Edge in the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Boyle
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sea Of Okhotsk ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
The Sea Of Okhotsk ◽  
National Body ◽  
Maritime Boundary ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
The 19Th Century

Japan defined its northern edge against Russia over the course of the 19th century. In earlier periods, an area and people known as Ezo marked the northern edge of Japanese state and society, but expansion of both the Russian and Japanese polities brought them into direct contact with one another around the Sea of Okhotsk. Perceptions of foreign threat accelerated Japan’s efforts to map and know Ezo, and shifted understandings of Japan’s northern edge outwards. Maritime routes defined this new northern edge of Japan, and their traces on the map tied distant locales to the national body. Maritime space was therefore crucial to this expansion in conceptions of the nation, through which the maritime boundary of Japan came to incorporate much of the Ezo region. The mid-century opening of Japan transformed this maritime boundary, which was shaped in the latter half of the 19th century by Japan’s particular situation, even as global and universal concepts were drawn upon to justify its operation. Japan’s participation within international and inter-imperial society conferred upon it the ability to appeal to such concepts for legitimacy, a participation made possible by the state’s efforts to satisfactorily map and administer the boundaries of Japan’s northern edge.

1. What is antisemitism?

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Beller
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Central European ◽  
European Context ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Holocaust

Is antisemitism a hatred of Jews that has stretched across millennia and across continents? Is it a relatively modern political movement that arose in Central Europe during the late 19th century? Or is it an irrational, psychologically pathological version of ethnocentric or religiocentric anti-Judaism that originated in old conflicts between Jews and Christians? ‘What is antisemitism?’ looks at the origins and meaning of antisemitism and considers how its ideological claims became integrated into European and Western political, but also social, intellectual, and cultural, life, and how the particular Central European context enabled it to lead into the Holocaust.

F.M. DOSTOEVSKII IN THE ARTISTIC CONSCIENCE AND CRITICISM OF V.YA. BRYUSOV

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Nataliya A. Drovaleva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Attentive Reader ◽  
The Veil

The existing research is primarily dedicated to the reflections of motifs and images from Dostoevskii’s works in V.Ya. Bryusov’s art. This article focuses on Bryusov’s direct quotes about Dostoevskii and his art from the pages of his critical works, correspondence and diary entries, which lead the author to the conclusion that Bryusov was not only an attentive reader of Dostoevskii but also a researcher of his work. Unlike other notable authors of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (I.F. Annenskii, D.S. Merezhkovskii, A. Belyi etc.), Bryusov didn’t write a separate article on Dostoevskii, but he planned to write a monograph, a critical work, based on scientific foundations. However, he never finished it. This analysis leads the author to the conclusion that Dostoevskii held a special place in Bryusov’s artistic conscience. For him Dostoevskii’s literary craft was an art of mystery, capable of lifting the veil from the depths of a human soul. Additionally, the study of the features of Dostoevskii’s art became an important factor in the formation of Bryusov’s own poetics and in his approach to the traditions of poetics of the writers of 19th century.

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