Children Left Behind in Rural Areas: Understanding the Problem, Searching for Solutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-31
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Children Left Behind

scholarly journals Children Left Behind in China: The Role of School Fees

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Anh H. Dang ◽  
Yang Huang ◽  
Harris Selod
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Children Left Behind ◽  
Public Education Spending

AbstractThe barriers faced by Chinese rural–urban migrants to access social services, particularly education, in host cities could help explain why the majority of them choose to leave their children behind. We identified the causal impacts of school fees by instrumenting for it with unexpected shocks to the city’s public education spending. Our findings suggest that higher fees deter migrant workers from bringing their children with them, especially their daughters, reduce the number of children they bring, and increase educational remittances to rural areas for the children left behind. Increases in school fees mostly affect vulnerable migrant workers and could have stronger impacts during an economic crisis. These findings hold for different model specifications and robustness checks.

Parental Migration and Children’s Exposure to Polyvictimization in Rural China

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110280
Author(s):  
Xiaojin Chen ◽  
Yuning Wu ◽  
Jia Qu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
School Students ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Parental Migration ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Children Left Behind ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Migrant Parents

The present study aims to investigate (1) the difference in polyvictimization rate between children left behind and those living with non-migrant parents in rural China, and (2) the social processes through which the effects of parental migration are conveyed through children’s behaviors and interaction with the immediate external environment (e.g., family, school, and peers). The research hypotheses were tested by using a probability sample consisting of 1,681 middle school students in rural areas in Guizhou province (Mean age = 13.55, SD = 1.01; 50% of the participants were boys). Findings from multivariate logistic regression models and indirect effect analyses suggest that (1) overall, left-behind children are exposed to a higher level of polyvictimization than children living with both non-migrant parents in rural China and (2) whereas all left-behind children face similar challenges in school and family settings, each type of parental migration and caretaking arrangement entails unique protective or risk factors of polyvictimization. As one of the first studies to systematically investigate the rate and etiology of polyvictimization among children left behind in rural China, this study highlights the prominent role of parental migration in reproducing and reinforcing children’s differential exposure to polyvictimization among China’s rural families.

The current situation and countermeasures of education and teaching of left behind children in rural areas

2021 ◽  
pp. 002072092110077
Author(s):  
Xue Li ◽  
Hongmei Hu
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Role Of Parents

The family education responsibilities of rural left-behind children are not fully implemented, and school education is weak, which has caused a series of problems. The education of rural left-behind children has gradually attracted people's attention. In this context, this article studies the current situation and countermeasures of rural LBC education and teaching. This article combines research methods such as questionnaire survey method and on-site interview method for research. In order to better explain the problems of local government, this article first defines the definition of local government, expounds the theory of personality development, and uses scientific sampling methods in the research process to extract research results from some rural areas in our province.了Analysis. Based on the performance of LBC and non-LBC schools, learning guidance and learning, the current situation of LBC education in China was studied. In addition, this article also studied the performance of LBC parents before and after they went abroad, and made some suggestions. The study found that before the parents went out, LBC's academic performance was mainly concentrated at the intermediate level and above, accounting for 78%. After the parents went out, LBC's academic performance decreased significantly, and the results were mainly concentrated in the intermediate and above. Below, accounting for 84%. It can be seen that the role of parents in children's growth education is essential.

Predictors of loneliness among the left-behind children of migrant workers in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cut Maghfirah Faisal ◽  
Sherly Saragih Turnip
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parental Presence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Emotional Loneliness ◽  
Children Of Migrant Workers

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare loneliness between the left-behind children of migrant workers and the non-left-behind ones, and identify the most significant predictors of loneliness among the left-behind children. Design/methodology/approach Incidental sampling was performed to select 629 participants aged 11–16 from 5 schools in the rural areas of Karawang and Lombok in Indonesia. They filled in paper-and-pencil self-report inventories. Findings Left-behind children were significantly lonelier than their counterparts were. Emotional loneliness was more affected by parental absence compared to social loneliness. Left-behind children would be more susceptible to experience loneliness if they had more access to entertainment gadgets, experienced less support and intimacy from friends, had been left by their migrant parents more than once, were female, had low self-esteem, experienced emotional difficulties and rarely communicated with their parents. Research limitations/implications Qualitative research was needed to provide more elaborative explanation about the findings. Practical implications Parents needed to consider the psychological cost and benefit of working abroad to their children. Governments could intervene by limiting the duration and frequency of work among the migrant workers. Social implications Some beneficial implications to prevent and reduce loneliness among left-behind children were provided, such as by maintaining the frequency and quality of communication with the children, motivating and guiding the children to interact with their peers and spend less time on entertainment gadgets, as well as encouraging the children to engage in several positive activities to enhance their self-esteem. Originality/value This study enriched the understanding about complex relationship between parental presence and adolescents’ mental health despite the fact that adolescents seemed to be more interested in relationships with peers.

scholarly journals Leave No Child Behind: Using Data from 1.7 Million Children from 67 Developing Countries to Measure Inequality Within and Between Groups of Births and to Identify Left Behind Populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio P. Ramos ◽  
Robert E. Weiss ◽  
Martin Flores
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Socioeconomic Group ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Left Behind

Background: Goal 3.2 from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) calls for reductions in national averages of Under-5 Mortality. However, it is well known that within countries these reductions can coexist with left behind populations that have mortality rates higher than national averages. To measure inequality in under-5 mortality and to identify left behind populations, mortality rates are often disaggregated by socioeconomic status within countries. While socioeconomic disparities are important, this approach does not quantify within group variability since births from the same socioeconomic group may have different mortality risks. This is the case because mortality risk depends on several risk factors and their interactions and births from the same socioeconomic group may have different risk factor combinations. Therefore mortality risk can be highly variable within socioeconomic groups. We develop a comprehensive approach using information from multiple risk factors simultaneously to measure inequality in mortality and to identify left behind populations. Methods: We use Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data on 1,691,039 births from 182 different surveys from 67 low and middle income countries, 51 of which had at least two surveys. We estimate mortality risk for each child in the data using a Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression model. We include commonly used risk factors for monitoring inequality in early life mortality for the SDG as well as their interactions. We quantify variability in mortality risk within and between socioeconomic groups and describe the highest risk sub-populations. Findings: For all countries there is more variability in mortality within socioe- conomic groups than between them. Within countries, socioeconomic membership usually explains less than 20% of the total variation in mortality risk. In contrast, country of birth explains 19% of the total variance in mortality risk. Targeting the 20% highest risk children based on our model better identifies under-5 deaths than targeting the 20% poorest. For all surveys, we report efficiency gains from 26% in Mali to 578% in Guyana. High risk births tend to be births from mothers who are in the lowest socioeconomic group, live in rural areas and/or have already experienced a prior death of a child. Interpretation: While important, differences in under-5 mortality across socioeconomic groups do not explain most of overall inequality in mortality risk because births from the same socioeconomic groups have different mortality risks. Similarly, policy makers can reach the highest risk children by targeting births based on several risk factors (socioeconomic status, residing in rural areas, having a previous death of a child and more) instead of using a single risk factor such as socioeconomic status. We suggest that researchers and policy makers monitor inequality in under-5 mortality us- ing multiple risk factors simultaneously, quantifying inequality as a function of several risk factors to identify left behind populations in need of policy interventions and to help monitor progress toward the SDG.

scholarly journals The social integration of barrel children in Canadian society

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Denise Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Black Feminism ◽  
Black Teachers ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Social ◽  
Children Left Behind ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Migration

People migrate globally in search of better lives, and migration often produces political, sociocultural, and economic turbulence. This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of two Caribbean barrel children, whose mothers sought employment in Canada and abandoned or left their children in the care of family members. Data consisted of two daughters’ stories daughters, which illustrate the complexities of the barrel-children phenomena. A narrative approach was used to collect the data, and theoretical frameworks guiding the study included Bowlby’s attachment theory, Black feminism, and the intersectionality of race, class, and gender. Data analysis involved structural and narrative analysis. The study found that, in contrast to the literature, the two participants had positive experiences as barrel children and in reuniting with their parents in Toronto. The study highlights the importance of grandmothers in caring for children left behind and even after reunification with parents in Canada. The Black community, along with Black teachers, also play key roles in helping barrel children integrate into Canadian society and face challenges such as racism. Keywords: Barrel children, Canada, Caribbean immigrants, Children left behind, Parental separation.

scholarly journals The social integration of barrel children in Canadian society

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Denise Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Black Feminism ◽  
Black Teachers ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Social ◽  
Children Left Behind ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Migration

People migrate globally in search of better lives, and migration often produces political, sociocultural, and economic turbulence. This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of two Caribbean barrel children, whose mothers sought employment in Canada and abandoned or left their children in the care of family members. Data consisted of two daughters’ stories daughters, which illustrate the complexities of the barrel-children phenomena. A narrative approach was used to collect the data, and theoretical frameworks guiding the study included Bowlby’s attachment theory, Black feminism, and the intersectionality of race, class, and gender. Data analysis involved structural and narrative analysis. The study found that, in contrast to the literature, the two participants had positive experiences as barrel children and in reuniting with their parents in Toronto. The study highlights the importance of grandmothers in caring for children left behind and even after reunification with parents in Canada. The Black community, along with Black teachers, also play key roles in helping barrel children integrate into Canadian society and face challenges such as racism. Keywords: Barrel children, Canada, Caribbean immigrants, Children left behind, Parental separation.

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