Challenges and Achievements of European Education Ministers on Information Exchange and Collaboration within the European Economic Community between 60s and 80s

This article examines the concerns of all national education systems in Europe regarding exchanges of information, ideas and collaborations since the beginning of the configuration of the European Community in the 1960s. The idea of working together member states for a better future for the younger generation was found both in the documents of the Conferences of Heads of State on Education and in the consultations of education experts. This was pointed out by education ministers, such as Edgar Faure or Olivier Guichard, in France, who made strong arguments, demonstrating responsibility for action for future generations. Although the beginning was difficult, in the 1960s the documents referred to the education of the children of migrant workers, the importance of learning modern languages, the recognition of diplomas. In the 1980s, meetings at the level of education ministers highlighted a deepening and strengthening of cooperation to adapt language teaching models, expand the study of European history and European institutions in secondary education increasing access to education for children with special needs, setting up school spaces for language learning, but especially the creation of a European Centre for Education.

Migrant Care’s Role in Advocating the Educational Needs of Migrant Workers’ Children

Education is a fundamental human need and a right of every citizen. Indonesia is one of the origin countries for many migrant workers. There is a complex problem with migrant workers, one of which is the education of migrant workers' children. Numerous civil society organizations, including Migrant Care, advocate for the rights of migrant workers. The purpose of this study is to examine Migrant Care's role in advocating for the educational needs of children of migrant workers and to analyze the factors that support and obstruct Migrant Care's ability to perform its function. The research method is qualitative-descriptive, with data being gathered via interviews and literature review. Data analysis begins with collecting data from various sources, which is then described and validated. This study makes use of role theory, interest groups, and systems theory. The findings of this research are Migrant Care's efforts to obtain official documents for migrant workers and to lobby the government for Community Learning Centers (CLC).

Etiquette Speech Acts in the Aspect of Linguo-Didactics

The works of M. Kurushina, I. Linchak, I. Lysenko, M. Shevchenko, H. Sokolova, T. Plotnikovа, D. Polyakov, I. Valchenko and І. Zozula are devoted to the issue of teaching methods in a foreign language audience at the beginner level in Ukrainian linguistics. They study special features of the formation of reading and speaking skills in the Ukrainian language. They examine the types of lexical units, grammatical categories, multi-genre texts that are appropriate for studying at the initial stage. Modern methods of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language are based on the communicative approach, which resulted in a paradigm shift from the study of vocabulary and grammar to language acquisition through speech acts as ways of communicative interaction in specific communication situations. At the beginner level of learning the Ukrainian as a foreign language, speakers (foreigners studying in Ukraine, students of Ukrainian Studies in the world, the Ukrainian diaspora, children of migrant workers studying at Saturday and Sunday schools abroad) should master the skills of realizing the following etiquette speech acts: apologies, greetings, wishes, thanks, congratulations and farewells. In this regard, the present paper considers features of realization of etiquette speech acts to successfully introduce them into the educational process of Ukrainian as a foreign language at the beginner level (A1). The paper outlines a set of etiquette speech acts, which are studied in a foreign language audience at the beginner level and describes the socio-cultural context of their realization, communicative situation, an addresser / addressee status, communicative goal. It also identifies lexical and grammatical means for the verbalization of etiquette speech acts, which will be studied by foreign language speakers at the beginner level. These are utterances and lexemes that form the content of the relevant speech acts to meet the communicative needs at the beginner level (phrases of greetings and farewells, names of the holidays, names of abstract concepts, etc.). A set of grammatical categories is specified for making correct utterances: indirect cases of nouns and personal pronouns, exclamatory case of nouns; for correct naming of the addressee: conjugation of verbs (to greet / to wish) in the present tense, noun-adjective agreement, examples of verb government, etc. The object of the analysis is also language means of forms of address to the interlocutor, which belong to the global rules of communication, determine its tone, and the violation of which often causes communicative deviations in the Ukrainian language. A system of exercises and tasks for reading, listening, developing monologue and dialogic speech provides effective learning of the etiquette speech acts.

Studi Kasus Motivasi Belajar Siswa sebagai Anak Buruh Migran di SMP Negeri 1 Bandung Tulungagung

This study aims to increase knowledge about the influence of parents 'presence when children learn and learning motivation of migrant workers' children at SMP Negeri 1 Bandung, Tulungagung. The type of research used is a case study, through interviews with snowball sampling techniques, which are likened to getting information continuously and will only stop when the data is saturated. In addition, the interview technique used by researchers is in-depth interviews. The research steps carried out were preceded by observation, the first observation conducted by the researcher examined the data of students who have parents as migrant workers. Researchers also conducted interviews with counseling teachers regarding the learning behavior of migrant workers' children in class and what problems usually bother the students of migrant workers in learning. Observations that the two researchers conducted were by way of frank observation entering the classroom and observing the learning and learning process in which there were students of migrant workers' children. The results of the observations show that the learning behavior of students of migrant workers' children is different from those of students who are not children of migrant workers. Therefore, the researcher decided to do a research to find out what motivates the students of migrant workers to learn. Data collection, the researcher chose 4 students who according to the researcher were included in the category as data sources. Researchers conducted interviews with 4 children of migrant workers with in-depth interviews. Furthermore, data analysis is carried out by means of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing / verification. Meanwhile, to test the validity of the data using the credibility test (internal validity). Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menambah pengetahuan tentang pengaruh kehadiran orang tua saat anak belajar dan motivasi belajar siswa anak buruh migran di SMP Negeri 1 Bandung, Tulungagung. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasus (case study), melalui wawancara dengan teknik sampling snowball yang diibaratkan mendapatkan informasi secara terus menerus dan baru akan berhenti saat data telah jenuh. Selain itu teknik wawancara yang digunakan peneliti adalah wawancara secara mendalam (in depth interview). Langkah penelitian yang dilakukan diawali dengan observasi, observasi yang pertama dilakukan peneliti memeriksa data siswa yang memiliki orang tua sebagai buruh migran. Peneliti juga melakukan wawancara kepada guru BK mengenai bagaimana perilaku belajar siswa anak buruh migran saat di kelas dan masalah apa saja yang biasa mengganggu siswa anak buruh migran dalam belajar. Observasi yang kedua peneliti lakukan dengan cara observasi terus terang ikut masuk kedalam kelas dan mengamati proses belajar dan pembelajaran yang didalamnya terdapat siswa anak buruh migran. Hasil dari observasi menunjukan perilaku belajar siswa anak buruh migran yang berbeda dengan siswa yang bukan anak buruh migran. Oleh karena itu peneliti memutuskan melakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui apa yang dapat menjadi motivasi belajar siswa anak buruh migran. Pengumpulan data, peneliti memilih 4 siswa yang menurut peneliti masuk dalam kategori sebagai sumber data. Peneliti melakukan wawancara kepada 4 siswa anak buruh migran dengan wawancara mendalam. Selanjutnya analisis data dilakukan dengan cara data reduction, data display, dan conclusion drawing/verification. Sedangkan untuk uji keabsahan data menggunakan Uji credibility (validitas internal).

Migrant Workers Empowerment through Productive Migrant Village Programs in Banyumas, Indonesia

This study explains empowering Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMW) through Productive Migrant Village Programs (PMVP) in the Banyumas Regency. PMVP is a program of the Ministry of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia held since 2016. The program aims are to empower, improve services and protection for IMWs starting from the village. The paradigm of the study is a constructivist paradigm by using a critical model. The research method used is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, which explores data to get the meaning of the basic and essential things of the empirical phenomena experienced by the research subject. The results of the research are 1). In providing information about the process of migrant workers faced with challenges from recruitment agencies/recruitment companies (Private Indonesian Migrant Worker Placement Agency). 2). In the stage of the production process, there are obstacles that the equipment provided by the Ministry cannot use. 3). The care of children of migrant workers is still individual only to their families. The community even still stigmatizes them as children who deserve problems since their parents abandoned them. 4). Late initiation of the migrant workers’ cooperatives. Procedures for establishing migrant workers cooperatives, mentoring, and guidance specifically related to migrant workers are needed.

Volunteer Teaching of High School Students: We Will See You Again

Since February 2006, responding to Chinese Government’s police, Three Support and One Assistance, short-term volunteer teaching has burgeoned in China. However, the effect of short-term volunteer teaching is rather concerning and unsatisfactory. We conduct our research from three parts: literature review, quantitative research, and qualitative research. Three major concerns are identified from literature review: inappropriate motivation, unprofessionalism, and inconsistency. An interview with a humanitarian organization Nuannuan is conducted to find the possible solution. Based on it, the hypothesis is that longterm and organized volunteer teaching is more effective so the solution could be a long-term volunteer teaching alliance. Two surveys are used to test the feasibility of the solution by analyzing children of migrant workers’ attitudes and high school volunteers’ attitudes. The results show that children are willing to participate and volunteers are willing to teach in the long-term. The hypothesis is proved and the solution is an establishment of a volunteer teaching alliance among all high school students in Beijing.

The socialization of the independence of migrant workers children

The family is the primary socialization agent that has the function to shape the character of children. The presence of both parents in a family is able to provide great opportunities for children to obtain their rights including children who live in migrant workers' families. The thing that caught the attention of the researchers was the process of parenting especially socialization regarding independence carried out by the caregivers, as an effort to form the character of an independent child and fulfillment of children's rights and minimize the label given to children in the family of migrant workers. This study uses qualitative methods. The data collection in this study used in-depth interviews, the determination of the informants in this study used snowball random selection of informants and rolled from one informant to another informant without limitation on the number, in the study there were 7 informants who were caregivers of the children of migrant workers' families, the age of the children cared for is 8-18 years. The theories used in this study are the theory of Symbolic Interactionism from Herbert Blumer and Theory of Socialization Patterns from Elizabeth B. Hurlock. The results obtained from this study are that foster parents have meaning about independence derived from parents, experience and the surrounding environment. The meaning that is owned by foster parents is then disseminated to the children of migrant workers' families. The meaning of independence inherent in foster parents has an impact on the pattern of socialization that is applied to migrant workers' children. Independence is interpreted as disciplinary learning using authoritarian socialization patterns, independence which is interpreted as encouraging children to apply democratic socialization patterns and independence which is interpreted as self-habituation for children using permissive socialization patterns.

Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Educational Resources for Relocated Children of Migrant Workers: The Case of Liaoning Province

Appropriate spatial distribution of primary and secondary schools for relocated children of migrant workers (RCMW) is extremely valuable to ensure the fair education of special groups and improve the quality of their education. This study used concentration analysis, kernel density estimation (KDE), and coefficient of variation (CV) to measure the spatial agglomeration of these children and their primary and secondary schools in the districts and counties of Liaoning Province from 2008 to 2017 based on government surveys. The results showed that the number of RCMW children in primary and secondary schools increased during the research period and the growth rate of children in primary schools was higher than that of children in junior high schools. The number of primary and secondary schools has changed very little, while the number of secondary schools has dropped sharply. The spatial distribution of RCMW and that of their primary and secondary schools were characterized by a “dual-core” distribution and a three-level (county, city, and provincial capital) gradient aggregation. In addition, kernel density evolved from a balanced distribution to polar nucleus-shaped, clustered, and discretized distributions, respectively. Specifically, the “large” and “super-large” schools were mainly concentrated in cities, showing a clustered pattern. “Medium-sized” and “small” schools were mainly distributed in counties, presenting a discretized pattern. In addition, when the CV of the number of RCMW increased, the imbalanced distribution of schools became more significant. Furthermore, the spatial differentiation of primary and secondary schools for RCMW appeared to be affected by economic development, population size, and related policies in the region.

STRUKTUR POLA ASUH ANAK TENAGA KERJA WANITA DI MADURA

Discussions about children and female migrant workers (TKW) are always in interesting issue. Especially, related to child care. By using data extraction techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation, it is known that parenting children of migrant workers in Madura has formed a new structure with the emergence of a second mother. There are three types of second mothers, namely grandmother, bu de (mother's brother or sister), and sister of TKW's child. They carry out the role of mother, among them being a model of children's behavior that is easily observed and imitated, becomes an educator, becomes a consultant, and becomes a source of information. Nearly 77% of grandmothers become maternal substitutes for migrant workers' children. Grandmother is considered the right person to do childcare tasks. This structure is called the inner parenting structure. While the structure of outside parenting takes the form of community participation in child care, namely good neighbors, the attention of the village head (Klebun), and the environment of friends and schools. Pembahasan tentang anak dan Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW) selalu menjadi isu yang menarik. Terutama yang berkaitan dengan pola asuh anak. Dengan menggunakan teknik penggalian data berupa observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi diketahui bahwa pola asuh anak TKW di Madura membentuk struktur baru dengan munculnya ibu pengganti (second mother). Ada tiga jenis ibu pengganti, yaitu nenek, bu de (kakak atau adik ibu), serta kakak dari anak TKW. Mereka menjalankan peran ibu diantaranya menjadi model tingkah laku anak yang mudah diamati dan ditiru, menjadi pendidik, menjadi konsultan, dan menjadi sumber informasi. Hampir 77% nenek menjadi sosok pengganti ibu bagi anak-anak TKW. Nenek dianggap sebagai sosok yang tepat untuk melakukan tugas-tugas pengasuhan anak. Struktur ini disebut dengan struktur pola asuh dalam. Sementara struktur pola asuh luar itu berwujud peran serta masyarakat dalam pengasuhan anak yaitu tetangga yang baik, perhatian kepala desa (Klebun), dan lingkungan teman dan sekolah.

Evaluation of Immunization Services for Children of Migrant Workers Along Thailand–Myanmar Border: Compliance with Global Vaccine Action Plan (2011–2020)

Immunization is a core component of the human right to health. However, accessibility to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) might be difficult among migrant children. This study aims to assess the vaccination coverage of migrant children under a mobile immunization program, initiated by the Thai government in 2014. A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted in five districts along the Thailand–Myanmar border during July–December 2018. The immunization history during their first year of life was obtained. Focus group discussions were conducted among stakeholders to explore their satisfaction toward the immunization service. Mothers/guardians of 1707 migrant children participated in the survey, with a 71% response rate. The vaccination coverage increased during 2014–2017. The highest vaccination coverage was observed for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, with 83.2% coverage in 2017. The vaccination coverage of three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and Hepatitis B vaccine and oral polio vaccine increased from 34.8% in 2014 to 56.3% in 2017. For measles-containing vaccine, the vaccination coverage increased from 32.4% in 2014 to 54.6% in 2017. Overall, all stakeholders were satisfied with the immunization service. Increased workload and communication barriers were the main factors that influenced the satisfaction toward the immunization program.