Metallographic Studies 2: Cast Iron Artifacts

1993 ◽  
pp. 335-404
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Iron Artifacts

Internal oxidation of cast iron artifacts from an 18th-century steel cementation furnace

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 2714-2721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Thomas ◽  
Richard Hunter ◽  
Robert Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Internal Oxidation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Iron Artifacts

The Technological and Chronological Implication of 14C Concentrations in Carbon Samples Extracted from Mongolian Cast Iron Artifacts

Radiocarbon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (03) ◽  
pp. 831-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S Park ◽  
W Honeychurch ◽  
A Chunag
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
Multiple Users ◽  
Melt Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iron Artifacts ◽  
Eastern Mongolia ◽  
Early Historic

ABSTRACTCast iron objects recovered primarily in eastern Mongolia, spanning the Xiongnu through the Early Historic periods (ca. 3rd BC–AD 17th century), were examined for their radiocarbon (14C) concentration and microstructure. Most of the samples examined were found to have originated from charcoal-based smelting with a few exceptions that were made using a mineral coal-based technique. A comparison of 14C dates with dates derived from artifact typology allowed the charcoal-smelted objects to be classified into two groups, based on whether the radiometric and typological periodization are in agreement or not. In addition, those with differing 14C and typological dates can be divided into two subgroups with and without evidence for a melt treatment applied after original casting. These conflicting dating results are confusing and would seem to provoke skepticism about the use of 14C measurements for dating iron artifacts. We demonstrate however that 14C analysis, when combined with metallographic examination and other lines of chronological evidence, can clarify the history of a given iron object and its multiple users, often separated in time by more than a millennium.

scholarly journals Assessing of New Coatings for Iron Artifacts Conservation by Recurrence Plots Analysis

Coatings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Roncagliolo Barrera ◽  
Francisco Rodríguez Gómez ◽  
Esteban García Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Electrochemical Noise ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Recurrence Plots ◽  
Surface Corrosion ◽  
Temporary Protection ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Iron Artifacts

Cast iron has stood for centuries of invention. It is a very versatile and durable material. Coating systems are a low-maintenance protection method. The purpose of this research is to increase the Paraloid coating’s resistance when applied to iron in high humidity atmospheres, with the addition of caffeine (1,3,7-dimethylxanthine) and nicotine (S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine as corrosion inhibitors; the resistance of protection versus exposure time will be evaluated by using electrochemical noise. A statistical analysis of the electrochemical noise signals was carried out. Recurrence plots were used as a powerful tool in the analysis to complement the data obtained and they predicted the evaluation of coatings behaviors performance versus time. The outcomes show that the addition of inhibitors increases and improves the performance as a temporary protection of Paraloid and that protection in high relative humidity was improved. Recurrence plots and parameter quantification show the variances in the surface corrosion dynamics.

μRaman Analysis of the Rust Layer on Rusted Cast Iron Artifacts

2014 ◽  
Vol 887-888 ◽  
pp. 262-265
Author(s):  
Wei Zhen Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Rust Layer ◽  
Iron Oxyhydroxides ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Iron Artifacts ◽  
Active Corrosion

The components of corrosion products on rusted cast iron artifacts in a wet/dry atmospheric environment have been studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The observations show that microstructures of outer and inner interfaces are different; indicating that active corrosion occurred on the rusted specimen covered with many cracks and pores. The μRaman spectra of outer and inner layer results prove to be composed of three main iron oxyhydroxides. In addition, Fe3O4 only exists in the inner layer.

Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Salvaged Marine Cast Iron Artifacts

2013 ◽  
Vol 690-693 ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Wei Zhen Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Spherical Shells ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iron Artifacts ◽  
Active Corrosion

The atmospheric corrosion behavior of cast iron after six months immersion was studies by means of optical stereomicroscope and X-ray diffraction techniques. The results showed that active corrosion occurred on the rusted specimen covered with many thin spherical shells of solid material. The XRD analysis indicated the formation of β-FeOOH tends to increase with increasing exposure.

Galvanostatic Removal of Chlorides in Cast Iron Artifacts

2012 ◽  
Vol 229-231 ◽  
pp. 2506-2509
Author(s):  
Shao Wen Guo ◽  
Wei Zhen Ou Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Extraction Ratio ◽  
Ion Migration ◽  
Electrical Efficiency ◽  
Galvanostatic Polarization ◽  
Iron Artifacts

Chloride ion migration and the choice of optimized current density during galvanostatic dechlorination of simulated cast iron artifacts in alkaline solution were studied by means of galvanostatic polarization. The results showed that the more treatment time and the more current density, the more was the extraction ratio of chloride ion and the less was the electrical efficiency. The current density was optimized with respect to the extraction ratio of chloride ion and the electrical efficiency, and the optional current density was presented.

scholarly journals A Thermal and Acid Treatment for Carbon Extraction from Cast Iron and Its Application to Ams Dating of Cast Iron Objects from Ancient Korea

Radiocarbon ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1312-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S Park ◽  
G S Burr ◽  
A J T Jull
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
White Cast Iron ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Ams Dating ◽  
Iron Artifacts ◽  
Cementite Phase ◽  
The University ◽  
Martensite Matrix

A method of thermal and acid treatments was developed at the Archaeo-metallurgy Laboratory of Hongik University in Korea to extract carbon from cast iron, and carbon objects thus prepared from cast iron artifacts of ancient Korea were dated at the University of Arizona's AMS Facility. The thermal treatments consist of heating a specimen to ∼1000 °C in a controlled environment with reduced oxygen potential, then cooling it rapidly to room temperature. The heating causes the cementite phase in white cast iron to be graphitized and the quenching suppresses pearlite formation. The specimen then consists of flakes of graphite embedded in a matrix of martensite. The next stage of the treatment is to dissolve the martensite matrix in a solution of nitric and hydrochloric acids to release the graphite as a powder. This material is then cleaned, dried, and pressed into target holders for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis. The method was applied to a collection of artifacts from the Korean Three Kingdoms period (about AD 300–668) and the AMS results were compared with chronological estimates from other means.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of Iron Artifacts

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 898-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Cresswell
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Proportional Counters ◽  
Iron Artifacts

During the late 1960s, N. J. van der Merwe (1969) obtained 14C measurements on 11 iron pieces, ranging in carbon content from medium carbon (0.22%) wrought iron (1.2 kg used) to high carbon (3.2%) cast iron (30 g), thereby demonstrating the feasibility of the technique for 14C dating iron. In the early 1980s, Sayre et al. (1982) repeated two of van der Merwe's measurements, and carried out two analyses on a recently rediscovered Elizabethan(?) iron bloom. Thirty grams were required of this medium carbon wrought iron to obtain an age using small proportional counters. A number of iron artifacts have recently been analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at IsoTrace. Samples ranged in size from 3.4 g of a medium carbon (≃0.4%) wrought iron bloom to 274 mg for a high carbon (1.79%) wootz steel fragment. AMS now permits analysis of samples that previously were too small or too valuable to be analyzed. For larger samples, multiple analyses can reveal variations that may aid the evaluation of sample history.

Equivalent Circuit for EIS Study on Rusted Marine Cast Iron Artifacts

2015 ◽  
Vol 1094 ◽  
pp. 316-319
Author(s):  
Wei Zhen Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Equivalent Circuit ◽  
Complex Plane ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Impedance Spectra ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Impedance Data ◽  
Iron Artifacts ◽  
Straight Lines

EIS technique was employed to study corrosion of the rusted cast iron artifacts in seawater. The impedance spectra show characteristic of diffusion in the complex plane. At low frequencies, the complex impedance data trace out straight lines with less slopes with increasing immersion time. Equivalent circuit provides useful information that the rusted iron undergoes severe corrosion in seawater in the presence of porous scale. SEM results reveal the morphologies of the three main iron oxyhydroxides.

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