Leaf micromorphology of the Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon (Polygonaceae) and its systematic re-evaluation

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 391 (3) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIN-JUNG KONG ◽  
SUK-PYO HONG
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Systematic Significance ◽  
Leaf Micromorphology ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata

A comparative study of the leaf microstructures of 19 taxa belonging to the Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon and related four Koenigia taxa was performed by LM and SEM to evaluate their systematic significance. Both amphistomatic and hypostomatic leaves were observed in the taxa studied. The stomatal size ranged from 17.04–41.96 × 13.41–37.30 μm, and stomata on the adaxial side were larger than those on the abaxial side in general. Anomocytic stomata occurred most commonly, but more than one type of stomata was observed on the same surface. Paracytic stomata was found in both Persicaria palmata and P. criopolitana. The epidermal cells usually have straight to sinuate anticlinal cell walls (ACW), and the ACW on the abaxial side of most taxa is much more undulated than that on the adaxial side. Cuticular striation was observed in most of the studied taxa, which was restricted to only the adaxial side. Two types of crystals were observed: druse and prismatic, and seven types of trichome were recognized: five types of non-glandular trichomes (stellate with smooth surface, multiseriate with either smooth or striated surface, and uniseriate with either smooth or papillose surface), and two types of glandular trichomes (peltate and long-stalked pilate). The leaf micromorphology in this study was categorized into five types based on the stomata, epidermis, crystal and trichome, as further systematic significance of the leaf epidermal characters within the P. sect. Cephalophilon are discussed. In addition, we propose a new taxonomic combination in the P. sect. Cephalophilon.

scholarly journals Micromorphology of endemic Centaurea glaberrima subsp. divergens (Asteraceae)

2022 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Gavrilović ◽  
Pedja Janaćković
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Involucral Bract ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
First Time

In this study, the micromorphology of the vegetative and reproductive structures of the endemic Centaurea glaberrima Tausch subsp. divergens (Vis.) Hayek (Asteraceae), using scanning electron microscope (SEM), is presented for the first time. Uniseriate whip-like non-glandular and biseriate glandular trichomes are found on the surface of all aboveground parts (stem, leaves, peduncles, involucral bract). On the adaxial leaf epidermis ribbed thickenings (striation pattern) of outer periclinal cell walls, slightly curved anticlinal cell walls and anomocytic stomata are noticed. Rugose abaxial surface with thorny protuberances of the involucral bract is documented. Corolla is glabrous with longitudinally parallel epidermal cells with distinct straight outline. Isopolar, radially symmetric and tricolporate microechinate pollen grains are seen. Short stylar hairs, without cuticular striations, are present along the outer sides of the style, while the inner sides (abaxial surface) constitute the papillate stigmatic surface. Microcharacters found in cypsela are as follows: slightly ribbed body; rotund base; lateral and concave insertion; short, unicellular curly acute trichomes; smooth epidermis; fine-sulcate ornamentation; rod shaped epidermal cells with short, obtuse end walls and straight anticlinal walls; poorly developed minutely dentate pericarp rim; and dimorphic pappus with bristles of different length and morphology, with pinnules restricted to the margins of the bristles. The results obtained contribute to knowledge about the micromorphology of the studied endemic species and provide features for its better identification. The taxonomic significance of the analyzed characters is discussed. Some well defined microcharacters of the studied species might have taxonomic value

scholarly journals Oviposition by the vagrant eriophyoid mite Aculops allotrichus on leaves of black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Michalska ◽  
Anna Tomczyk ◽  
Barbara Łotocka ◽  
Sławomir Orzechowski ◽  
Marcin Studnicki
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Eriophyoid Mite

Abstract Leaf-dwelling mites often prefer to feed on young leaves and also are more likely to inhabit the abaxial leaf side. The aim of our study was to examine whether leaf age may affect production and distribution of eggs on black locust leaves by females of Aculops allotrichus. The eriophyoids were tested for 2.5 days on ‘trimmed’ compound leaves (with only two opposite leaflets left), which were maintained in vials filled with water. For the experiments we used leaves of three categories: (1) the ‘youngest’, in which both halves of the adaxial side of leaflets still adhered to each other (and usually remained folded for the next few hours), (2) ‘young’ with already unfolded leaflets, and (3) ‘mature’ with fully expanded leaflets. The tested females laid significantly more eggs on developing leaves than on ‘mature’ ones, although they deposited the highest number of eggs on the ‘young’ leaves. The distribution of eggs on adaxial or abaxial leaf sides also depended on leaf age. On the ‘youngest’ leaves, eriophyoids placed similar numbers of eggs on both sides of a blade. However, the older the leaf, the more willingly females deposited eggs on the abaxial side. Our biochemical and morphometrical analyses of black locust leaves indicated significant changes in the contents of nutrients and phenols within leaf tissue, and in the density of trichomes and thickness of the outer epidermal cell walls, correlated with leaf age. Their possible effects on the production and distribution of eggs on leaves by A. allotrichus are discussed.

Involucral Bracts Anatomy in the Capitulum of Primitive Strains and Modern Genotypes of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Helia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (62) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
M. V. Rosetti ◽  
L. F. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Functional Point ◽  
Secretory Ducts

AbstractThe anatomy of involucral bracts (IB) of the capitulum was studied in two sunflower domesticated primitive genotypes (Helianthus annuus L.), Havasupai and Hopi, HA89B line and DKOP3845 hybrid. Stomata and trichomes were counted on the adaxial and abaxial epidermis. In all cases the IB showed an one-layered adaxial and abaxial epidermis, secretory ducts and parenchymatic cells with abundant chloroplast. The vascular system was similar to that of the foliage leaves; however, their bundles were smaller, with an abaxial surface with higher abundance of glandular and non-glandular trichomes and with the presence of stomatas. IB of Havasupai and Hopi showed higher number of adaxial hypodermic strata than those of HA89B and DKOP3845 (4 vs. 1) and one mesophyllum with inverted polarity with respect to a foliage leaf: the presence of a spongy parenchyma on the adaxial side was observed with a rudimentary palisade parenchyma on the abaxial side. Stomatal density of the IB was significantly higher in Hopi and Havasupai than in HA89B and DKOP3845, with values ranging from 132 to 156 vs. 73 to 110 stomata/mm2 respectively. It is concluded that from the functional point of view, sunflower breeding produced undesired changes in the IB anatomy.

scholarly journals Morphogenesis, volume and number of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) glandular trichomes, and their influence on alpha-acid accumulation in fresh bracts of hop cones

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siniša Srečec ◽  
Vesna Zechner-Krpan ◽  
Sanja Marag ◽  
Igor Špoljarić ◽  
Ivka Kvaternjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Five Phases

Morphogenesis, volume and number of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) glandular trichomes, and their influence on alpha-acid accumulation in fresh bracts of hop cones The ESEM investigations revealed the morphogenesis of peltate glandular trichomes, which was divided into five phases. In phase one, new peltate glandular trichomes were initiated; in phase two, they were differentiated; in phase three trichomes grew vigorously; in phase four they were determined; in the fifth and final phase they came to maturity. Volume of glandular trichome during the different phases of morphogenesis varied from 0.25 × 10-2 mm3 in phase 1, to 1.95 × 10-2 mm3 in phase 5. More glandular trichomes are placed on the base of the adaxial side of bracts (average 7 mm-2) than on the base of abaxial side (average 5.8 mm-2). In this research, positive Spearman's rank order correlations were found between the average number of glandular trichomes and content of α-acids as well as between the average volume of glandular trichomes and content of α-acids.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the leaf’s anatomical structure of some endemic species Umbelliferae family in Middle Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-239
Author(s):  
D. T. Khamraeva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Central Bundle ◽  
Secretory Duct ◽  
Secretory Ducts

This article presents the results of comparative study of leaf structure in species Komarovia anisosperma,Sphaerosciadium denaense, Kamelinia tianschanica, Korshinskya olgae и Autumnalia innopinata of the Apiaceae Lindlfamily. For the studied species, a close relationship between the anatomical structure of the leaf and environmental conditions has been revealed. The diagnostic leaf-blade features are: for Komarovia anisosperma, single layer of the palisadeparenchyma with tightly closed or in places loosely located rather elongated cells and the presence of 3 secretory ducts onthe abaxial side (under the central and marginal lateral vascular bundles); for Sphaerosciadium denaense, marginal partswrapped to adaxial side, 2(3) secretory ducts above the main bundle at the abaxial side, one larger at the adaxial side,above and below lateral bundles they locate one by one, and a single duct at the adaxial part of the leaf top; for Kamelinia tianschanica, two and above the central bundle three-layer palisades and the presence of a single secretory duct underthe central bundle; Korshinskya olgae, two-layer palisade and the presence on the abaxial side of 3 (4) secretory ducts (1or 2 large under the central and median lateral vascular bundles); Autumnalia innopinata, isopalisade mesophyll and thepresence of a 2–3-layer aquifer parenchyma.

Surface and Internalized Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Field-Grown Spinach and Lettuce Treated with Spray-Contaminated Irrigation Water

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1023-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARILYN C. ERICKSON ◽  
CATHY C. WEBB ◽  
JUAN CARLOS DIAZ-PEREZ ◽  
SHARAD C. PHATAK ◽  
JOHN J. SILVOY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Contaminated Irrigation Water

Numerous field studies have revealed that irrigation water can contaminate the surface of plants; however, the occurrence of pathogen internalization is unclear. This study was conducted to determine the sites of Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination and its survival when the bacteria were applied through spray irrigation water to either field-grown spinach or lettuce. To differentiate internalized and surface populations, leaves were treated with a surface disinfectant wash before the tissue was ground for analysis of E. coli O157:H7 by direct plate count or enrichment culture. Irrigation water containing E. coli O157:H7 at 102, 104, or 106 CFU/ml was applied to spinach 48 and 69 days after transplantation of seedlings into fields. E. coli O157:H7 was initially detected after application on the surface of plants dosed at 104 CFU/ml (4 of 20 samples) and both on the surface (17 of 20 samples) and internally (5 of 20 samples) of plants dosed at 106 CFU/ml. Seven days postspraying, all spinach leaves tested negative for surface or internal contamination. In a subsequent study, irrigation water containing E. coli O157:H7 at 108 CFU/ml was sprayed onto either the abaxial (lower) or adaxial (upper) side of leaves of field-grown lettuce under sunny or shaded conditions. E. coli O157:H7 was detectable on the leaf surface 27 days postspraying, but survival was higher on leaves sprayed on the abaxial side than on leaves sprayed on the adaxial side. Internalization of E. coli O157:H7 into lettuce leaves also occurred with greater persistence in leaves sprayed on the abaxial side (up to 14 days) than in leaves sprayed on the adaxial side (2 days).

scholarly journals Methods to extract the exopolymeric matrix from biofilms: a comparative study

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Azeredo ◽  
Valentina Lazarova ◽  
Rosário Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Biofilm Matrix

To study the composition of a biofilm a previous extraction method is required to separate cells from the matrix. There are several methods reported in the literature; however they are not efficient or promote leakage of intracellular material. In this work several extraction methods were assayed in mixed culture and pure culture biofilms and their efficiency was evaluated by the amount of organic carbon, proteins and intracellular material extracted. The results showed that the extraction with glutaraldehyde 3% (w/v) was the most suitable method, extracting great amounts of organic carbon without promoting cell lysis or permeabilization. Glutaraldehyde is a bifunctional reagent that binds to cell walls avoiding their permeabilization and the biofilm matrix is solubilized in the solution.

Lack of Internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) after Leaf Surface and Soil Inoculation

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2028-2037 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUODONG ZHANG ◽  
LI MA ◽  
LARRY R. BEUCHAT ◽  
MARILYN C. ERICKSON ◽  
VANESSA H. PHELAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Leaf Lettuce

Survival and internalization characteristics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in iceberg, romaine, and leaf lettuce after inoculation of leaf surfaces and soil were determined. A five-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 in water and cow manure extract was used as an inoculum for abaxial and adaxial sides of leaves at populations of 6 to 7 log and 4 log CFU per plant. The five strains were individually inoculated into soil at populations of 3 and 6 log CFU/g. Soil, leaves, and roots were analyzed for the presence and population of E. coli O157:H7. Ten (4.7%) of 212 samples of leaves inoculated on the adaxial side were positive for E. coli O157:H7, whereas 38 (17.9%) of 212 samples inoculated on the abaxial side were positive. E. coli O157:H7 survived for at least 25 days on leaf surfaces, with survival greater on the abaxial side of the leaves than on the adaxial side. All 212 rhizosphere samples and 424 surface-sanitized leaf and root samples from plants with inoculated leaves were negative for E. coli O157:H7, regardless of plant age at the time of inoculation or the location on the leaf receiving the inoculum. The pathogen survived in soil for at least 60 days. Five hundred ninety-eight (99.7%) of 600 surface-sanitized leaf and root samples from plants grown in inoculated soil were negative for E. coli O157:H7. Internalization of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce leaves and roots did not occur, regardless of the type of lettuce, age of plants, or strain of E. coli O157:H7.

scholarly journals Petal and Sepal Epidermal Micromorphology of Six Lathyrus Taxa (Fabaceae) and their Systematic Value

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüseyin CILDIR ◽  
Ahmet KAHRAMAN ◽  
Musa DOGAN
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Systematic Significance ◽  
Trichome Types ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the epidermal types and their distribution on dorsal and lateral petals, the trichome types and their density on sepals of Lathyrus chloranthus, L. digitatus, L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, L. roseus subsp. roseus, L. sativus, and L. tuberosus, belonging to sections Lathyrus, Lathyrostylis, Pratensis, and Orobon of the genus Lathyrus in Turkey were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the systematic significance of these characters was evaluated. These taxa, except L. sativus, are studied for the first time under aspects of the petal and sepal micromorphology. Three major epidermal types were recognized on the petal: tabular rugose striate cells (TRS), areolate cells with more or less striations (AS), and papillose conical striate cells (PCS). TRS and AS were further subdivided into three subtypes. TRS was found on the dorsal and lateral petals of L. chloranthus, L. sativus, and L. tuberosus: the dorsal petals of L. roseus subsp. roseus and the lateral petals of L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, while AS was present on the dorsal and lateral petals of L. digitatus and the lateral petals of L. roseus subsp. roseus. PCS was found only on the dorsal petals of L. digitatus. Three main types of trichomes on the sepal were observed: peltate glandular, capitate glandular, and nonglandular trichomes. The capitate glandular and nonglandular trichomes were further subdivided into three subtypes. The peltate glandular trichomes were present only in L. chloranthus, but absent in the others. The capitate glandular trichomes were found in L. chloranthus, L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, L. roseus subsp. roseus, and L. tuberosus. The nonglandular trichomes were always present in L. chloranthus and L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus. The present results show that the petal and sepal micromorphology can be used in delimitation of the taxa based on petal and sepal micromorphology.

SUPERMAN attenuates positive INNER NO OUTER autoregulation to maintain polar development of Arabidopsis ovule outer integuments

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (18) ◽  
pp. 4281-4289
Author(s):  
Robert J. Meister ◽  
Louren M. Kotow ◽  
Charles S. Gasser
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Outer Integument ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Reporter Gene Analysis

The outer integument of Arabidopsis ovules exhibits marked polarity in its development, growing extensively from the abaxial side, but only to a very limited extent from the adaxial side of the ovule. Mutations in two genes affect this asymmetric growth. In strong inner no outer (ino) mutants outer integument growth is eliminated, whereas in superman (sup) mutants integument growth on the adaxial side is nearly equal to wild-type growth on the abaxial side. Through complementation and reporter gene analysis, a region of INO 5′-flanking sequences was identified that contains sufficient information for appropriate expression of INO. Using this INO promoter (P-INO) we show that INO acts as a positive regulator of transcription from P-INO, but is not sufficient for de novo initiation of transcription in other plant parts. Protein fusions demonstrate nuclear localization of INO, consistent with a proposed role as a transcription factor for this member of the YABBY protein family. Through its ability to inhibit expression of the endogenous INO gene and transgenes driven by P-INO, SUP is shown to be a negative regulator of INO transcription. Substitution of another YABBY protein coding region (CRABS CLAW) for INO overcomes this negative regulation, indicating that SUP suppresses INO transcription through attenuation of the INO positive autoregulatory loop.

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