scholarly journals Touch me carefully: a step towards understanding morphological diversity in the South American spiny sunflowers (Compositae, Barnadesioideae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 518 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-142
Author(s):  
PAOLA DE LIMA FERREIRA ◽  
ALEXANDRE ANTONELLI ◽  
MILTON GROPPO
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
South American ◽  
Woody Vines ◽  
Patagonian Steppe ◽  
Secondary Center ◽  
Center Of Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Secondary Center Of Diversity

The subfamily Barnadesioideae (Compositae) is endemic to South America, comprising 10 genera and 80 species of mostly spiny herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, trees, or woody vines distributed from Venezuela to Argentina. Three genera, Dasyphyllum (27 species), Chuquiraga (22 spp.) and Barnadesia (19 spp.) contain 85% of the species, while the other seven genera (Archidasyphyllum, Arnaldoa, Doniophyton, Duseniella, Fulcaldea, Huarpea, and Schlechtendalia) are represented by up to three species each. Most species are found in xeric areas in the Andean and Patagonian regions—as in the Páramos, Puna and Patagonian steppe vegetation—with a secondary center of diversity in eastern South America. Previous phylogenetic hypotheses have clarified the relationships within the subfamily, showing that there are many non-monophyletic groups in different taxonomic ranks. As a result, taxonomic changes have been proposed over recent decades in order to reflect classifications comprising only monophyletic groups. In the present study, we provide a generic synopsis of the subfamily Barnadesioideae based on the most recent generic circumscriptions, including a key, expanded morphological descriptions, information on geographical distribution and habitat, photographs and taxonomic notes for all genera.

Checklist and taxonomic changes for Central and South American Philonthina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4449 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIANA CHANI-POSSE ◽  
ALFRED F. NEWTON ◽  
ASLAK KAPPEL HANSEN ◽  
ALEXEY SOLODOVNIKOV
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Type Material ◽  
New Combination ◽  
South American ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Generic Composition ◽  
Taxonomic Changes

A checklist of all described species of Philonthina, a subtribe of the staphylinid tribe Staphylinini, known to occur in Central and South America (CASA) is presented. Included for each species, and for synonyms known from CASA, is a reference to the original description, type locality and type depository, and for each species the known distribution within and outside CASA. Type material was sought in the main European and American collections where it is deposited (BMNH, MNHUB, IRSNB and FMNH) and is summarized for all indigenous CASA species, with lectotypes designated for 16 names and confirmation of holotypes and prior designation of lectotypes when necessary. Based on recent phylogenetic work in Philonthina and our revision of types of CASA species of Philonthus Stephens, 1829 and Belonuchus Nordmann, 1837, some taxonomic changes are proposed. Thirty-one species of Philonthus are transferred to Belonuchus (16), Gabrius Stephens 1829 (14), and Bisnius Stephens 1829 (one) resulting in the following new combinations: B. abnormalis (Sharp 1885), B. celatus (Sharp 1885), B. corticalis (Sharp 1885), B. extremus (Sharp 1885), B. infimus (Sharp 1885), B. iteratus (Sharp 1887), B. latecinctus (Sharp 1885), B. lucilius (Sharp 1885), B. muticus (Sharp 1876), B. optatus (Sharp 1885), B. platypterus (Sharp 1885), B. rufiventris (Sharp 1887), B. rufocaudus (Sharp 1885), B. rufopygus (Sharp 1885), B. serraticornis (Sharp 1876), B. supernus (Herman 2001), G. approximans (Sharp 1885), G. armatipes (Sharp 1885), G. atricolor (Sharp 1885), G. championi (Sharp 1885), G. dampfi (Bernhauer 1929), G. elegans (Sharp 1885), G. forsterianus (Scheerpeltz 1960), G. misellus (Sharp 1885), G. nugax (Sharp 1885), G. ovaticeps (Sharp 1885), G. peruvianus (Bernhauer 1916), G. planulatus (Sharp 1885), G. rusticus (Sharp 1885), G. serpens (Sharp 1885) and Bi. subaeneipennis (Bernhauer 1916). Endeius nitidipennis Solier 1849 is transferred to Gabrius, resulting in the following new combination, G. nitidipennis (Solier 1849). Leptopeltus carchiensis Chani-Posse & Asenjo 2013 is proposed as junior synonym of Philonthus divisus Sharp 1891, which is transferred to Leptopeltus Bernhauer 1906 resulting in a new combination: Leptopeltus divisus (Sharp 1891). Belonuchus penetrans Silvestri 1946 is transferred to Pridonius Blackwelder 1952 as a new combination. Lectotypes are designated for Atopocentrum mirabile Bernhauer 1906, Philonthus armatipes Sharp 1885, Ph. atricolor Sharp 1885, Ph. championi Sharp 1885, Ph. misellus Sharp 1885, Ph. planulatus Sharp 1885, Ph. rusticus Sharp 1885, Ph. serpens Sharp 1885, Ph. abnormalis Sharp 1885, Ph. celatus Sharp 1885, Ph. infimus Sharp 1885, Ph. latecinctus Sharp 1885, Ph. muticus Sharp 1876, Ph. platypterus Sharp 1885, Ph. rufocaudus Sharp 1885 and Ph. rufopygus Sharp 1885. Of the 543 currently known species of Philonthina reported from CASA, at least 14 are believed to be adventive from elsewhere, 56 may occur naturally elsewhere, and 473 (87%) are evidently endemic to this region. Of the 31 genera represented by these described species, 20 (65%) are endemic to CASA. One genus, Gabronthus Tottenham 1955, is adventive. However, the actual philonthine fauna of CASA will undoubtedly be much larger, and the generic composition highly modified, when the fauna is fully explored and studied within a phylogenetical framework. 

Occurrence of kleptoparasitic sarcophagid flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae) in natural and human modified sites in Southern South American Andean landscapes

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Pablo R. Mulieri ◽  
Luciano D. Patitucci ◽  
Matías I. Dufek
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
South American ◽  
Human Influence ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Patagonian Steppe ◽  
Valdivian Forest

Sarcophagid flies belonging to the subfamily Miltogramminae are mainly kleptoparasites of bees and solitary wasps. Twenty-six locations were surveyed to accomplish the first specific exploration on the diversity of Miltogramminae in southern Andean areas of South America. We evaluated changes in abundance, richness and composition among habitat types to establish the effect of anthropization on the Miltogramminae community. Habitat types were considered as human modified (trails and roads, parks and meadows) and natural sites (watercourses and lake beaches, sandy and shrubby areas), distributed in two ecoregions (Valdivian forest and Patagonian steppe). We found differences in the capture rate and composition of Miltogramminae among habitat types. The species Opsidia intonsa Aldrich was highly dominant in samples, with higher proportional abundance in human modified habitats. Richness of Miltogramminae was higher in natural sites. Comparisons between the ecoregions surveyed indicated the genus Opsidia Coquillett did not show differences in abundance between ecoregions, whereas Senotainia Macquart was more abundant in the Patagonian steppe. The results provide evidence on the significant effects of human influence on landscapes in kleptoparasitic fly diversity. Slight modifications of natural areas (as proliferation of trails or isolated houses) should be addressed to evaluate the conservation of kleptoparasitic Diptera.

scholarly journals Anemonastrum tenuicaule and A. antucense (Ranunculaceae), new combinations for a New Zealand endemic species and its South American relative

PhytoKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei L. Mosyakin ◽  
Peter J. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
South American ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Base Chromosome Number

A rational taxonomic circumscription of genera in tribe Anemoneae (Ranunculaceae) is briefly discussed. It is concluded that, in view of the morphological diversity of the group and recent molecular phylogenetic findings, a moderately narrow approach to the re-circumscription of genera earlier included in Anemone sensu lato is preferable, in particular, with the recognition of the lineage with the base chromosome number x = 7 (Anemonesubgen.Anemonidium) as two genera, Hepatica sensu stricto and Anemonastrum in an expanded circumscription (including Anemonidium, Arsenjevia, Jurtsevia, and Tamuria). Following these conclusions, new nomenclatural combinations are proposed for two related species endemic to New Zealand and South America, respectively: Anemonastrumtenuicaule (= Anemonetenuicaulis, Ranunculustenuicaulis) and Anemonastrumantucense (= Anemoneantucensis). Information on typification is updated: the lectotype of Anemoneantucensis is the specimen from P and not a specimen from G, and the lectotype of Ranunculustenuicaulis is a specimen from AK. Biogeographic scenarios already proposed to explain the relationship of these two species and some other South America – New Zealand distribution patterns are discussed. It is concluded that the long-distance dispersal scenario fits best the available data for Anemonastrum. Two host-specific and geographically restricted species of Urosystis parasitizing A.tenuicaule and A.antucense are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Three new genera from South America and some taxonomic changes in Gyponini (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 750 ◽  
pp. 70-93
Author(s):  
Clayton C. Gonçalves ◽  
Alexandre C. Domahovski ◽  
Gabriel Mejdalani ◽  
Daniela M. Takiya
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
New South ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
South American ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Taxonomic Changes

Three new South American leafhopper genera of the tribe Gyponini are proposed: Beltrana gen. nov. based on Beltrana reticulata gen. et sp. nov. from French Guiana, Fulana gen. nov. based on Fulana brasiliensis gen. et sp. nov. from Brazil, and Sicrana gen. nov. based on Sicrana plana gen. et sp. nov. from Brazil and Ecuador. Diagnoses, detailed descriptions, and illustrations are provided for each taxon, as well as comparisons with closely related genera. In addition, the following synonyms are proposed: Freytagana DeLong, 1975 as a junior synonym of Marganana DeLong, 1948 and F. gibsoni DeLong, 1975 as a junior synonym of M. (Marganana) mexicana DeLong & Freytag, 1963. Chilella DeLong & Freytag, 1967 is transferred from Gyponini to Selenomorphini Evans, 1974.

Taxonomy of Baccharis subgen. Tarchonanthoides (Asteraceae: Astereae: Baccharidinae), a group from the southeastern South American grasslands and savannas

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 241 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Heiden ◽  
José Rubens Pirani
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
South American ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Vernacular Names ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework

This is the first attempt to provide a taxonomic revision of a subgenus of Baccharis according to a phylogenetic framework, and under no geographic constraint. The recircumscription of Baccharis subgen. Tarchonanthoides involves the synonymization of Lanugothamnus, and the exclusion of Baccharis sect. Coridifoliae in order to keep the subgenus monophyletic. Other taxonomic changes are: Baccharis psammophila is confirmed as a synonym of B. gnaphalioides, and B. anabelae is a synonym of B. phylicifolia; the application of the latter name along with B. leucopappa and B. uleana is clarified. A lectotype is designated for the name B. uleana. Two recircumscribed sections, five new series and 13 species are accepted within the subgenus which diversified mainly in open vegetation types of southeastern South America in Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. General morphological descriptions of the infrageneric taxa are provided, as well as a taxonomic key, descriptions, data on etymology, distribution and habitats, phenology, conservation status, ethnobotany and vernacular names, and a list of specimens examined, line drawings, pictures and distribution maps for all accepted species.

scholarly journals Diversity and disparity of sparassodonts (Metatheria) reveal non-analogue nature of ancient South American mammalian carnivore guilds

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1870) ◽  
pp. 20172012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darin A. Croft ◽  
Russell K. Engelman ◽  
Tatiana Dolgushina ◽  
Gina Wesley
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
South American ◽  
Guild Structure ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Terrestrial Carnivore ◽  
Do So

This study investigates whether terrestrial mammalian carnivore guilds of ancient South America, which developed in relative isolation, were similar to those of other continents. We do so through analyses of clade diversification, ecomorphology and guild structure in the Sparassodonta, metatherians that were the predominant mammalian carnivores of pre-Pleistocene South America. Body mass and 16 characters of the dentition are used to quantify morphological diversity (disparity) in sparassodonts and to compare them to extant marsupial and placental carnivores and extinct North American carnivoramorphans. We also compare trophic diversity of the Early Miocene terrestrial carnivore guild of Santa Cruz, Argentina to that of 14 modern and fossil guilds from other continents. We find that sparassodonts had comparatively low ecomorphological disparity throughout their history and that South American carnivore palaeoguilds, as represented by that of Santa Cruz, Argentina, were unlike modern or fossil carnivore guilds of other continents in their lack of mesocarnivores and hypocarnivores. Our results add to a growing body of evidence highlighting non-analogue aspects of extinct South American mammals and illustrate the dramatic effects that historical contingency can have on the evolution of mammalian palaeocommunities.

scholarly journals A new giant sauropod, Australotitan cooperensis gen. et sp. nov., from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11317
Author(s):  
Scott A. Hocknull ◽  
Melville Wilkinson ◽  
Rochelle A. Lawrence ◽  
Vladislav Konstantinov ◽  
Stuart Mackenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
First Record ◽  
Appendicular Skeleton ◽  
South American ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Shared Ancestry ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Surface Scan

A new giant sauropod, Australotitan cooperensis gen. et sp. nov., represents the first record of dinosaurs from the southern-central Winton Formation of the Eromanga Basin, Australia. We estimate the type locality to be 270–300 m from the base of the Winton Formation and compare this to the semi-contemporaneous sauropod taxa, Diamantinasaurus matildae Hocknull et al., 2009, Wintonotitan wattsi Hocknull et al., 2009 and Savannasaurus elliottorum Poropat et al., 2016. The new titanosaurian is the largest dinosaur from Australia as represented by osteological remains and based on limb-size comparisons it reached a size similar to that of the giant titanosaurians from South America. Using 3-D surface scan models we compare features of the appendicular skeleton that differentiate Australotitan cooperensis gen. et sp. nov. as a new taxon. A key limitation to the study of sauropods is the inability to easily and directly compare specimens. Therefore, 3-D cybertypes have become a more standard way to undertake direct comparative assessments. Uncoloured, low resolution, and uncharacterized 3-D surface models can lead to misinterpretations, in particular identification of pre-, syn- and post-depositional distortion. We propose a method for identifying, documenting and illustrating these distortions directly onto the 3-D geometric surface of the models using a colour reference scheme. This new method is repeatable for researchers when observing and documenting specimens including taphonomic alterations and geometric differences. A detailed comparative and preliminary computational phylogenetic assessment supports a shared ancestry for all four Winton Formation taxa, albeit with limited statistical support. Palaeobiogeographical interpretations from these resultant phylogenetic hypotheses remain equivocal due to contrary Asian and South American relationships with the Australian taxa. Temporal and palaeoenvironmental differences between the northern and southern-central sauropod locations are considered to explain the taxonomic and morphological diversity of sauropods from the Winton Formation. Interpretations for this diversity are explored, including an eco-morphocline and/or chronocline across newly developed terrestrial environments as the basin fills.

scholarly journals Morphological and Molecular Variation in a Collection of Eggplants from a Secondary Center of Diversity: Implications for Conservation and Breeding

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Prohens ◽  
José M. Blanca ◽  
Fernando Nuez
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Aflp Markers ◽  
Cultivar Group ◽  
Cultivar Groups ◽  
Secondary Center ◽  
Center Of Diversity ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Secondary Center Of Diversity

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) was introduced by the Arabs into Spain. Since then, many local cultivars have arisen. These materials are grouped in four cultivar groups: “round,” “semi-long,” “long,” and “listada de Gandía.” We studied the morphological and molecular [amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)] diversity of a collection of 28 Spanish traditional cultivars of eggplant. Four eggplant accessions from different origins were used as controls and three scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) accessions as outgroups. Morphology and AFLP markers showed that S. melongena and S. aethiopicum are separate taxonomic entities, and that, compared to controls, Spanish eggplants are very variable, indicating that the Iberian Peninsula can be regarded as a secondary center of diversity. Morphological differences were found among cultivar groups in traits other than those used for the grouping although, in some cases, accessions from different cultivar groups shared a similar general morphology. Eggplant cultivar groups also showed some genetic differences, which are revealed in the gene diversity statistics (GST = 0.30). Nonetheless, no individual AFLP markers specific and universal to one cultivar group could be found. “Round” cultivars were genetically more diverse than the other cultivar groups. A positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between morphological and molecular distances. However, correlations between geographical and either morphological or molecular distances were low. Results suggest that evolution of eggplants in Spain has involved frequent hybridizations and a frequent movement and exchange of seeds. Structure of diversity among regions indicates that most of the diversity can be collected in single selected regions. All these results have important implications in eggplant germplasm conservation and breeding.

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