Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5052 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
GILLIAN W. WATSON ◽  
DAVID OUVRARD
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Plant Parasites ◽  
Plant Sap

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are obligate plant parasites feeding on plant sap; some are damaging pests in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Despite their economic importance, the scale insects found in continental Africa have not been extensively studied and the keys for identifying them are incomplete and scattered through the literature in several languages. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the African scale insect fauna. As a first step towards their identification, we provide a key to the 23 families currently known from continental Africa, based on slide-mounted adult females, covering Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kermesidae, Kerriidae, Kuwaniidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Margarodidae, Matsucoccidae, Micrococcidae, Monophlebidae, Ortheziidae, Phoenicococcidae, Pseudococcidae, Putoidae, Rhizoecidae and Stictococcidae.  

Archaeococcoid scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the tropical high mountains of the Andean Cordillera, South America

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2300 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
IMRE FOLDI
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
First Record ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Adult Females

The diversity of the archaeococcoid scale insect fauna in the Cordillera of the Andes, particularly the páramos, was studied in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The páramos is an ecosystem in the tropical high mountains, where the temperature alternates between freezing at night and thawing during the day. Within this habitat, two new genera and several new species and new country records were discovered and are described and illustrated below. Thus, at 4200 m in the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela, a new monophlebid genus, Corandesia Foldi n. gen., is erected for C. kozári Foldi n. sp. (Monophlebidae) based on the adult female. The genus Paramoandesia Foldi n. gen. (Monophlebidae) is erected for P. colombiensis Foldi n. sp. from 4200 m in Colombia, based on the adult female and male and for P. ecuadorensis Foldi n. sp. from 4100 m in Ecuador, based on the adult females. These three new species were found on Espeletia spp. (Asteraceae) in the páramos and, although living in the typically harsh environmental conditions of this habitat, do not appear to have developed special protective structures, although they have probably developed physiological adaptations and appear to exploit the protection afforded by the microhabitat at the base of large, dense leaves of their host plant. In addition, at 2000 m near Mérida, another monophlebid, Crypticerya abrahami (Newstead) was collected, previously only known from Guyana, and redescribed here based on the adult female and first-instar nymph. The adult and preadult females of Mimosicerya williamsi Foldi n. sp. (Coelostomidiidae) from 2500 m in Venezuela are described and illustrated. In addition, Platycoelostoma rauppi Foldi n. sp. (Callipappidae), a hypogeal species found on the roots of alfalfa in the mountains around Cusco, Peru, is described based on the adult female. This is the first record of a member of the Callipapidae from South America, as Platycoelostoma Morrison was previously believed to be restricted to Australia and to New Zealand. A taxonomic key to genera based on the adult females of Coelostomidiidae in the Neotropics is provided and, also keys to the adult females of species of Mimosicerya Cockerell (Coelostomidiidae), Paramoandesia (Monophlebidae) and to Platycoelostoma (Callipappidae).Les Archaeococcoides de la Cordillère des Andes de Colombie, de l’Equateur, du Pérou et du Venezuela sont analysés. Dans les páramos étudiés, un écosystème de haute montagne où les températures nuit-jour alternent entre congélation et décongélation, deux nouveau genres et plusieurs espèces nouvelles ont été découverts. Ainsi, dans les páramos de la Cordillère de Mérida, Venezuela, 4200 m, Corandesia Foldi n. gen. est créé pour l’espèce C. kozári Foldi n. sp. fondée sur l’adulte femelle. (Monophlebidae). Paramoandesia Foldi n. gen. est créé pour les espèces P. colombiensis Foldi n. sp. de Colombie, 4200 m, description fondée sur les adultes femelle et mâle et P. ecuadorensis Foldi n. sp. de l’Equateur, 4100 m, (Monophlebidae). Les espèces des páramos furent toutes collectées sur Espeletia spp. (Asteraceae) et, bien que vivant dans des conditions d’environnement extrêmes, elles n’ont cependant pas de structure de protection, mais ont développé probablement une adaptation physiologique, exploitent de plus l’effet protecteur du microclimat offert par les bases des larges feuilles de leurs plantes-hôtes. A une altitude inférieure près de Mérida au Venezuela, vers 2000 m, Crypticerya abrahami (Newstead) autre Monophlebidae, a été collectée, alors qu’elle n’était connue que de Guyana est redécrite fondée sur l’adulte femelle et de la première stade larvaire. Adulte et préadulte femelle de Mimosicerya williamsi Foldi n. sp. (Coelostomididae) du Venezuela, 2500 m, sont décrites et illustrées. Au Pérou, Platycoelostoma rauppi Foldi n. sp. (Callipappidae), espèce hypogée trouvée sur les racines de Medicago sativa, sur les montagnes environnantes de Cusco, décrite fondée sur l’adulte femelle. Il s’agit de la première découverte d’un membre de la famille des Callipappidae en Amérique du Sud, le genre Platycoelostoma Morrison étant jusqu’à présent considéré comme restreint à l’Australie et à la Nouvelle-Zélande. Une clef taxonomique fondée sur les adultes femelles est proposée pour les genres néotropicaux de Coelostomidiidae, ainsi que pour les espèces des genres Mimosicerya Cockerell (Coelostomidiidae), Paramoandesia (Monophlebidae), et Platycoelostoma Morrison (Callipappidae).

THE SCALE INSECTS OF IRAN Part 1 THE ARMOURED SCALES (HEMIPTERA: COCCOMORPHA: DIASPIDIDAE)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4907 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-276
Author(s):  
MASUMEH MOGHADDAM ◽  
GILLIAN W. WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Line Drawings

Iran is situated at the junctions of the Palaearctic and Oriental zoogeographical regions, and the Caspian, Baluchi and Irano-Tiranian floral zones, so it has a very diverse scale insect fauna. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) are economically important in forestry, agriculture and horticulture. This taxonomic account of the armoured scales (Diaspididae) of Iran is the first of three works planned to cover all the scale insects in the country. It provides a resource for accurate laboratory identification of all the species known to occur in Iran or that are likely to be found there. Keys to the families of scale insects found in Iran, and to the 49 genera and 144 species of Diaspididae found there, are provided. Detailed line drawings of all the species known to occur in Iran are provided to facilitate identification. These are accompanied by detailed descriptions, distribution data, information on natural enemies, economic importance and host-plants recorded in Iran. The main purpose of the work is to provide agricultural entomologists concerned with pest control and quarantine inspection worldwide with a reliable means of species identification. 

Two species of whitefly and six species of scale insect (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae and Coccoidea), new for Antigua, Lesser Antilles

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Chris Malumphy
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
First Time

Two species of whitefly and six species of scale insect are recorded for the first time from the island of Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean: Aleyrodidae – Dialeurodes schefflerae Hodges & Dooley and Minutaleyrodes minuta (Singh); Coccidae – Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green); Conchaspididae – Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell; Diaspididae – Duplachionaspis divergens (Green), Mycetaspis personata (Comstock), Parlatoria proteus (Curtis); and Pseudococcidae – Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell). The geographical distribution, host range and economic importance of each of the whiteflies and scale insects are summarised. Three of these species, D. schefflerae, M. minuta and D. divergens are native to Asia and have been spreading in the Caribbean in recent years, most probably with plant trade.

Review of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Laos

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4460 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JINYEONG CHOI ◽  
PHEOPHANH SOYSOUVANH ◽  
SEUNGHWAN LEE ◽  
KI-JEONG HONG
Keyword(s):  
Economic Importance ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Soft Scale ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
The Family

The family Coccidae Fallén, 1814 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), known as soft scale insects, is represented in Laos by 26 species. This includes 15 new country records: Ceroplastes cirripediformis (Comstock, 1881), C. floridensis Comstock, 1881, Coccus capparidis (Green, 1904), C. celatus De Lotto, 1960, C. formicarii (Green, 1896), C. gymnospori (Green, 1908), C. latioperculatum (Green, 1922), Drepanococcus cajani (Maskell, 1891), Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret, 1873), Megapulvinaria maxima (Green, 1904), Paralecanium expansum (Green, 1896), Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood, 1870), P. psidii Maskell, 1893, Saissetia miranda (Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell, 1899), and S. oleae (Olivier, 1791). An identification key to adult females of all the soft scale species known from Laos is provided, together with diagnoses, photographs and host information. The economic importance of each species is also discussed. 

Two more new species of armoured scale insect (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) from Fiji

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3384 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
BOZENA ŁAGOWSKA ◽  
CHRIS HODGSON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
The Relationship

The adult females of two new species of Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are described and placed in Anzaspis Henderson(previously only known from New Zealand): A. neocordylinidis Łagowska & Hodgson and A. pandani Łagowska & Hodgson.The former is close to A. cordylinidis (Maskell), currently only known from New Zealand and found on the same host plantspecies, and the latter is very close to Chionaspis pandanicola Williams & Watson, only currently known from Fiji, and alsocollected on the same host plant species. Two previously described Chionaspis species already known from Fiji, i.e. C.freycinetiae Williams & Watson and C. pandanicola Williams & Watson are transferred to Anzaspis as Anzaspis freycinetiae(Williams & Watson) comb. nov. and A. pandanicola (Williams & Watson) comb. nov., and a third species, C. rhaphidophoraeWilliams & Watson, is transferred to Serenaspis as Serenaspis rhaphidophorae (Williams & Watson) comb. nov.. The reasonsfor these nomenclatural decisions and the relationship between the scale insect fauna of Fiji and New Zealand are discussed. A key is provided to all related species in the tropical South Pacific and New Zealand.

SOME RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE INSECT FAUNA OF OHIO.

1898 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
F. M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
South Wales ◽  
White Spots ◽  
The Individual ◽  
White Scale

In the year 1889, Mr. Henry Tryon, Assistant Curator of the Queensland, Australia, Museum, in a report on the insect and fungus pests, published as report No. 1, by the Department of Agriculture of Queensland, pp. 89-91 describes a species of scale insect found on the peach, as the White Scale, Diaspis amygdali (fig 7). and reported its occurrence both at Brisbane, Queesland, and Sydney, New South Wales. Although described as the White Scale, the author continually refers to it as the peach scale, in his paper, and the latter name has been adopted in America for the species. Of its habits Mr. Tryon states that: “At first its presence is betrayed by small white spots or patches on the bark of the smaller branches; but as the insect increases these soon become in many places confluent, and the individual scales overlap one another, or are contorted by being squeezed together closely, or even appear to lie one over the other, and where the male scale insects crowd together these spots present a more finely chaffy appearance. As it will occur quite up to the tips of the branches, the complete destruction of any tree subjected to the attack of the peach scale, and owing to it, is only a matter of time. When already in patches on the branchlets prior to the formation of the leaves and fruit, in early spring, it does not hinder their formation; the leaves are green as usual, the fruit sets, but is soon retarted in its growth and shrivels up”. Writing me under date of November 7th 1897, however, Mr. Tryon has this to say of its present condition in Queensland: “This Coccid is far from being generally distributed in Queensland, and nowhere have I observed it to act very prejudicially to the trees that it attacks.

Scale insect fauna (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) of New Zealand’s pygmy mistletoes (Korthalsella: Viscaceae) with description of three new species: Leucaspis albotecta, L. trilobata (Diaspididae) and Eriococcus korthalsellae (Eriococcidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2644 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSA C. HENDERSON ◽  
AMIR SULTAN ◽  
ALASTAIR W. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black Scale ◽  
Three New Species

The scale insect fauna recorded on the pigmy mistletoe genus Korthalsella (Viscaceae) and New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes is reviewed. Three new species from New Zealand discovered on Korthalsella species during this study are described: the adult female, 2nd-instar male and female nymphs of two pupillarial species Leucaspis albotecta sp. nov. and Leucaspis trilobata sp. nov. (Diaspididae); and the adult female, 2nd-instar male and female nymphs and 1st-instar nymph of Eriococcus korthalsellae sp. nov. (Eriococcidae). A distribution map is provided for the three new species. We report the first records of adventive (exotic) scale insects on Korthalsella species in New Zealand – Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, soft brown scale, Saissetia coffeae (Walker), hemispherical scale, S. oleae (Olivier), black scale (Coccidae), and Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, oleander scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), latania scale, H. rapax (Comstock), greedy scale (Diaspididae), while three native scale insects are also first records: Kalasiris perforata (Maskell) (Coccidae), Eriococcus pallidus Maskell (Eriococcidae) and Paracoccus glaucus (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae). Ten scale insect species are listed for New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes.

scholarly journals A survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) occurring on olives in Tunisia

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rramzi Mansour ◽  
Rim Mkaouar ◽  
Kaouthar Grissa Lebdi ◽  
Pompeo Suma ◽  
Agatino Russo
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Aspidiotus Nerii ◽  
Hymenopteran Species ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Saissetia Oleae ◽  
Northeastern Tunisia ◽  
Northwest Region

A survey performed in 2009 within 52 Tunisian olive groves, located in 17 different olive-growing sites, revealed the occurrence of six scale insects on olives. The identified species were: the armoured scales Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), and Parlatoria oleae (Colvée), the soft scales Saissetia oleae (Olivier) and Filippia follicularis (Targioni Tozzetti) and the mealybug species Peliococcus cycliger (Leonardi). The soft scale F. follicularis is a new record for the Tunisian insect fauna. A mong these species, S. oleae was the predominant scale insect occurring throughout olive groves of northeastern Tunisia, whereas the mealybug P. cycliger was by far the most abundant species within olives groves of the Northwest region of Tunisia. However, P. oleae was the least abundant species, being present in only one olive-growing site in northeastern Tunisia. L arvae of the noctuid moth Eublemma scitula (Rambur) were reported feeding on S. oleae and the coccinellid Chilocorus bipustulatus L . was found feeding on both S. oleae and A. nerii. The two hymenopteran species Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky and Metaphycus spp. were recorded as the main parasitoids of S. oleae.

scholarly journals New Scale Insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in the Greek Entomofauna

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Kozar ◽  
S. Pakoukis ◽  
N. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna

Collection of scale insects in Greece in 1990 – 1991 provided 71 species. Among them, 31 species were new for the Greek fauna. The total number of known species is 143 in Greece. Host plant’s levels of infestation and phonological data are also presented. The results show that scale insect fauna of this country needs further intensive studies.

scholarly journals Some additions to the Scale insect fauna (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Crete with a check list of the species known from the island

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Pellizzari ◽  
Francesco Porcelli ◽  
Gabrijel Seljak ◽  
Ferenc Kozár
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Check List ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Greek Island

A list of the scale insects (Homoptera: C occoidea) recorded by the authors for the Greek island of C rete is reported. This includes twenty-seven species new to the island The most interesting records are Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky (Kermesidae), only recorded previously from Israel, and Getulaspis bupleuri (Marchal) (Diaspididae), only known previously from North A frica and the Middle E ast. With the present additions, the number of scale insect species recorded on C rete has reached 82. A revised check list of the scales presently known from the island is also provided.

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