THE SCALE INSECTS OF IRAN Part 1 THE ARMOURED SCALES (HEMIPTERA: COCCOMORPHA: DIASPIDIDAE)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4907 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-276
Author(s):  
MASUMEH MOGHADDAM ◽  
GILLIAN W. WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Line Drawings

Iran is situated at the junctions of the Palaearctic and Oriental zoogeographical regions, and the Caspian, Baluchi and Irano-Tiranian floral zones, so it has a very diverse scale insect fauna. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) are economically important in forestry, agriculture and horticulture. This taxonomic account of the armoured scales (Diaspididae) of Iran is the first of three works planned to cover all the scale insects in the country. It provides a resource for accurate laboratory identification of all the species known to occur in Iran or that are likely to be found there. Keys to the families of scale insects found in Iran, and to the 49 genera and 144 species of Diaspididae found there, are provided. Detailed line drawings of all the species known to occur in Iran are provided to facilitate identification. These are accompanied by detailed descriptions, distribution data, information on natural enemies, economic importance and host-plants recorded in Iran. The main purpose of the work is to provide agricultural entomologists concerned with pest control and quarantine inspection worldwide with a reliable means of species identification. 

Towards the identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 1. Identification of the families

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5052 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
GILLIAN W. WATSON ◽  
DAVID OUVRARD
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Plant Parasites ◽  
Plant Sap

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are obligate plant parasites feeding on plant sap; some are damaging pests in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Despite their economic importance, the scale insects found in continental Africa have not been extensively studied and the keys for identifying them are incomplete and scattered through the literature in several languages. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the African scale insect fauna. As a first step towards their identification, we provide a key to the 23 families currently known from continental Africa, based on slide-mounted adult females, covering Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kermesidae, Kerriidae, Kuwaniidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Margarodidae, Matsucoccidae, Micrococcidae, Monophlebidae, Ortheziidae, Phoenicococcidae, Pseudococcidae, Putoidae, Rhizoecidae and Stictococcidae.  

scholarly journals Non-indigenous scale insects on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China: A survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Trencheva ◽  
G. Trenchev ◽  
R. Tomov ◽  
S.-A. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Family

A preliminary list of non-indigenous scale insect species on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China is presented. The sampling was done between April and November, 2009, in the framework of the project “Invasive scale insects on ornamental plants in Bulgaria and China”. The insects were collected in nurseries, parks, gardens, botanical collections and greenhouses. Representatives from four families have been identified in Bulgaria, the most numerous of which are the Diaspididae (eight species), Coccidae (four species), Pseudococcidae (two species) and Margarodidae (one species). Three species of non-indigenous scale insects associated with ornamental plants were collected in China, all belonging to the family Pseudococcidae. A list of alien scale insect species on ornamental plants is given, including the sampling sites, host plants on which they were found, origin and first report in both countries.

scholarly journals Key scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of high economic importance in a Mediterranean area: host plants, bio-ecological characteristics, natural enemies and pest management strategies – a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Ramzi ◽  
Grissa-Lebdi Kaouthar ◽  
Suma Pompeo ◽  
Mazzeo Gaetana ◽  
Russo Agatino
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Saissetia Oleae

Key scale insects that have long been considered as having high economic importance in Tunisia and for which several research studies and pest management programs have been undertaken include the mealybug species Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Planococcus citri Risso, the soft scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) and the armoured scale Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas). The host plants, bio-ecological aspects, auxiliary fauna of each of the aforementioned species as well as the related economic losses and pest management strategies adopted are explored and discussed. Among these species, P. ficus is considered herein as the most economically important in Tunisia. Still, the present contribution constitutes the first review article on key scale insects infesting plants in the South Mediterranean Maghreb area.

Two species of whitefly and six species of scale insect (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae and Coccoidea), new for Antigua, Lesser Antilles

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Chris Malumphy
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
First Time

Two species of whitefly and six species of scale insect are recorded for the first time from the island of Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean: Aleyrodidae – Dialeurodes schefflerae Hodges & Dooley and Minutaleyrodes minuta (Singh); Coccidae – Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green); Conchaspididae – Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell; Diaspididae – Duplachionaspis divergens (Green), Mycetaspis personata (Comstock), Parlatoria proteus (Curtis); and Pseudococcidae – Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell). The geographical distribution, host range and economic importance of each of the whiteflies and scale insects are summarised. Three of these species, D. schefflerae, M. minuta and D. divergens are native to Asia and have been spreading in the Caribbean in recent years, most probably with plant trade.

scholarly journals Computerized Synthesis of Information on the Scale Insects of the World

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Ben-Dov ◽  
Douglass R. Miller ◽  
G. Gibson ◽  
M. Kosztarab ◽  
K. Veilleux
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Searchable Database ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Systematic Database

Systematic information on all aspects of agriculture is a significant tool in finding solutions to various problems. This project was initiated to develop a searchable database on taxonomy, host plants, geographic distribution, economic importance and control of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). A systematic database has been developed for 17 families of scale insects, namely, Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Beesoniidae, Carayonemidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kerriidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Micrococcidae, Ortheziidae, Phenacoleachiidae, Phoenicococcidae and Pseudococcidae. These databases are now available on the Internet in ScaleNet - A Searchable Information System on Scale Insects - a Systematic Database of the Scale Insects of the World, (URL: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm ). Since 1997, the year in which ScaleNet was first placed on the Internet, this site became the best worldwide source of information on scale insects. The most reliable evaluation is that the site was 'visited' during 1999 by more than 50,000 users. Messages from the clientele of the site clearly indicate that it is widely used by researchers, applied entomologists, quarantine officers, students as well as the general public.

Hieroxestis subcervinella, Wlk., an Enemy of the Banana in the Canary Islands

1928 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
External Morphology

The moth, Hieroxestis subcervinella, Wlk., has recently become a pest of economic importance to the banana cultivators in the Canary Islands.Notes on the genus Hieroxestis and on the synonymy and distribution of the moth are included, and descriptions of the various stages of the insect are given. Details regarding the external morphology and chaetotaxy of the full-grown larva are enumerated, and setal maps showing the distribution of the setae have been added.The pupa is described in detail, and sex characters are noted.The economic importance of the pest is considered in its relation to its host-plants, while its method of attack and resulting injuries caused are discussed.The insect is considered as apodemic in the Canary Islands, and no parasitic natural enemies were encountered.

scholarly journals Review of the direct and indirect effects of warming and drought on scale insect pests of forest systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D Frank
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Tree Quality

Abstract Higher temperatures and drought are key aspects of global change with the potential to alter the distribution and severity of many arthropod pests in forest systems. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) infest many tree species and are among the most important pests of trees in urban and rural forests, plantations and other forest systems. Infestations of native or exotic scale insects can kill or sicken trees with economic and ecosystem-wide consequences. Warming can have direct effects on the life history, fitness and population dynamics of many scale insect species by increasing development rate, survival or fecundity. These direct benefits can increase the geographic distribution of scale insects and their consequences for tree health. Warming and drought can affect scale insects indirectly by altering the quality of their host trees. Additive or interactive effects of warming and drought can change tree quality in such a way that it increases scale insect fitness and population growth. However, the effects are species- and context-dependent with some scale insect species negatively affected by drought-induced changes in tree quality. Warming and drought are often coincident in urban forests and predicted to co-occur in many parts of the world under climate change scenarios. The individual and interactive effects of these factors require further research to inform predictions and management of scale insect pests. Warming also indirectly affects scale insects by altering interactions with natural enemies. This includes changes in natural enemy phenology, community composition and abundance. In addition, warming can alter scale insect phenology or voltinism causing asynchrony with natural enemies or population growth too rapid for natural enemies to suppress. Direct and indirect effects of warming and drought on scale insects can increase the potential for some exotic species to become established and for some native species to become invasive. Unfortunately, much research on scale insects is confined to a few particularly important native or exotic pests which limits our ability to predict the effects of warming on many current or potential pests. More research is required to understand how warming and drought affect scale insects, scale insect management and the forest systems they inhabit.

SOME RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE INSECT FAUNA OF OHIO.

1898 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
F. M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
South Wales ◽  
White Spots ◽  
The Individual ◽  
White Scale

In the year 1889, Mr. Henry Tryon, Assistant Curator of the Queensland, Australia, Museum, in a report on the insect and fungus pests, published as report No. 1, by the Department of Agriculture of Queensland, pp. 89-91 describes a species of scale insect found on the peach, as the White Scale, Diaspis amygdali (fig 7). and reported its occurrence both at Brisbane, Queesland, and Sydney, New South Wales. Although described as the White Scale, the author continually refers to it as the peach scale, in his paper, and the latter name has been adopted in America for the species. Of its habits Mr. Tryon states that: “At first its presence is betrayed by small white spots or patches on the bark of the smaller branches; but as the insect increases these soon become in many places confluent, and the individual scales overlap one another, or are contorted by being squeezed together closely, or even appear to lie one over the other, and where the male scale insects crowd together these spots present a more finely chaffy appearance. As it will occur quite up to the tips of the branches, the complete destruction of any tree subjected to the attack of the peach scale, and owing to it, is only a matter of time. When already in patches on the branchlets prior to the formation of the leaves and fruit, in early spring, it does not hinder their formation; the leaves are green as usual, the fruit sets, but is soon retarted in its growth and shrivels up”. Writing me under date of November 7th 1897, however, Mr. Tryon has this to say of its present condition in Queensland: “This Coccid is far from being generally distributed in Queensland, and nowhere have I observed it to act very prejudicially to the trees that it attacks.

scholarly journals Scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) and their natural enemies, recorded on agricultural, ornamental and forest plant species in the wider area of Messenian Province (Peloponnese, Greece), 2000 – 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
G.J. Stathas ◽  
E.D. Kartsonas ◽  
A.I. Darras ◽  
P.J. Skouras
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Aonidiella Aurantii ◽  
Phenacoccus Madeirensis ◽  
Forest Plant Species ◽  
Chrysomphalus Aonidum ◽  
Protopulvinaria Pyriformis

Summary The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) recorded on agricultural, ornamental and forest plant species in the wider area of Messenian Province (Peloponnese, Greece) during the years 2000 – 2020 are reviewed. Twenty species were recorded, which belong to four families: Diaspididae: Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché), Dynaspidiotus abieticola (Koroneos), D. abietis (Schrank), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), L. gloverii (Packard), Lineaspis striata (Newstead), Targionia vitis (Signoret); Coccidae: Ceroplastes rusci (L.), Eulecanium sericeum (Lindinger), Nemolecanium graniformis (Wünn), Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché), P. persicae (Fabricius), Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman), P. inopinatus Danzig and Kozár, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell); Pseudococcidae: Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Planococcus vovae (Nasonov) and Kermesidae: Kermes echinatus Balachowsky. The biology, phenology and natural enemies in Messenia are discussed for fifteen of these scale species.

Scale insect fauna (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) of New Zealand’s pygmy mistletoes (Korthalsella: Viscaceae) with description of three new species: Leucaspis albotecta, L. trilobata (Diaspididae) and Eriococcus korthalsellae (Eriococcidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2644 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSA C. HENDERSON ◽  
AMIR SULTAN ◽  
ALASTAIR W. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black Scale ◽  
Three New Species

The scale insect fauna recorded on the pigmy mistletoe genus Korthalsella (Viscaceae) and New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes is reviewed. Three new species from New Zealand discovered on Korthalsella species during this study are described: the adult female, 2nd-instar male and female nymphs of two pupillarial species Leucaspis albotecta sp. nov. and Leucaspis trilobata sp. nov. (Diaspididae); and the adult female, 2nd-instar male and female nymphs and 1st-instar nymph of Eriococcus korthalsellae sp. nov. (Eriococcidae). A distribution map is provided for the three new species. We report the first records of adventive (exotic) scale insects on Korthalsella species in New Zealand – Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, soft brown scale, Saissetia coffeae (Walker), hemispherical scale, S. oleae (Olivier), black scale (Coccidae), and Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, oleander scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), latania scale, H. rapax (Comstock), greedy scale (Diaspididae), while three native scale insects are also first records: Kalasiris perforata (Maskell) (Coccidae), Eriococcus pallidus Maskell (Eriococcidae) and Paracoccus glaucus (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae). Ten scale insect species are listed for New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes.

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