Checklist of the oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of the Republic of Colombia

Zootaxa ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 5087 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-58
Author(s):  
ANDRÉS A. SALAZAR-FILLIPPO ◽  
LADISLAV MIKO

This checklist of oribatid mites of the Republic of Colombia compiles and provides a taxonomic update of all records known up to 2020. It includes 192 entries accounting for 68 named and 47 unnamed species belonging to 73 genera and 58 families of non-astigmatid oribatid mites. Specimens from the brachypyline supercohort were dominant (54.7%), followed by Mixonomata (30.7%). However, current knowledge is far from being complete and distribution patterns show large gaps throughout the country due to this lacking knowledge and most existing investigations only include group specific studies that prevent from any conclusions regarding the real community composition of oribatids in Colombia. From 32 political-administrative departments, oribatids have been reported in 20, but 5 account for 65% of the records. These are: Cundinamarca -including Bogotá D.C.- (24.4%), Magdalena (21.8%), Nariño (6.3%), La Guajira (6.3%), and Quindío (5.9%). Whereas most oribatid reports in the Neotropical region have taken place during the past five decades, a map presented in this document shows that Colombia still lags behind other Latin American countries. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, for instance, have reported the highest number of species for the region and are the only nations that possess national oribatid checklists in Latin America. The current work represents a national baseline of oribatids encouraging further study of this clearly underrepresented group.  

1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-599
Author(s):  
David Felix

Industrial growth and chronic, in many cases severe, inflation are two salient features of the past-war economic history of the larger Latin American countries. There is general recognition that the two phenomena are related, at least in the sense that industry has been one of the major recipients of state subsidies and inflationary credit. But beyond this, analysis divides into the usual demand inflation and cost-push categories.


Author(s):  
Gunnar Eyal Wolf Iszaevich

Resumen En varios países de Latinoamérica, las autoridades electorales están comenzando a voltear hacia las urnas de votación electrónicas. Los argumentos con los cuales presentan estas urnas a la población se centran particularmente en la disminución de costos del proceso electoral, una mayor agilidad en la obtención de resultados, y en poder tener más confianza en que las personas involucradas no engañen a la población con resultados ilegítimos, enfermedad de la cual Latinoamérica ha sufrido largamente. Las urnas electrónicas no son ya una novedad - Han sido utilizadas por varios países, desde las primeras pruebas en la India en 1982 hasta una amplia base en la última década. Sin embargo, un análisis sobre las experiencias vividas en ellos dista de ser positiva - y dista de ser homogénea. En el presente artículo serán analizados los desarrollos de estas tres líneas argumentativas resultan huecos, en el mejor de los casos, o directamente falaces. Se hace además una revisión de algunos casos emblemáticos de fallas que han llevado al replanteamiento -llegando incluso a la prohibición legal en algunos casos- del voto electrónico alrededor del mundo. Palabras claveE-voto, voto electrónico, sociedad, democracia, experiencias internacionales  Abstract Electoral authorities in several Latin American countries are turning their heads towards electronic voting booths. The arguments through which electronic voting is being presented to the population are mailed centered around reducing the costs of the electoral process, achieving better turnaround times for publishing electoral results, and being able to better trust that the involved actors do not cheat the population with illegitimate results, a disease Latin America has long suffered. Electronic voting booths are not new. They have been used in several different countries, since the early implementations in India in 1982, and its usage has widely spread during the past decade. However, an analysis on the international experiences yields results far from optimistic -and far from homogeneous. In this article, the outcome from the three above mentioned argumentative lines is analyzed, showing they are not sound, in the best case, or directly misleading. Some emblematic cases of failures around the world that have led to a serious reevaluation –and up to legal rulings banning its use– around the world are reviewed as well. KeywordsE-voting, electronic voting, society, democracy, international experiences.


Author(s):  
Ainur MYRZHYKBAYEVA ◽  
Gulnur RAIKHANOVA ◽  
Serikzhan BAIBOSSYNOV ◽  
Azamat ZHANSEITOV ◽  
Argyn TUKEYEV

This article combines individual data from household surveys in the Latin American countries to obtain a regional income and analyse its distribution and recent changes. It concentrates upon whether distributive changes in the countries over the past decade have improved income distribution between individuals or widened gaps. The region’s indicators of global inequality declined considerably during 1997-2014. This decline in global inequality is explained essentially by the reduction of inequality within Latin American countries, especially in Brazil. The incomes of the inhabitants of Latin America are now more equal in relative terms than a decade ago, although differences in the countries’ average incomes have increased.


Author(s):  
David B. H. Denoon

This chapter lays out the basic themes of the book and examines the commercial and strategic interests of U.S. and China in Latin America. China has become the largest trading partner for more than half of the Latin American countries, while the U.S. has sought to be the preeminent power in Latin America and the Caribbean since 1823 and the announcement of Monroe Doctrine. China does not pose a direct military threat to the U.S. or its Latin interests, but it does represent serious competition in the economic and diplomatic arenas. In the past decade, a clear East-West split has developed among the Latin American states. Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina became more nationalistic and anti-U.S., while Chile, Columbia, and Peru have tended to be more market-oriented and comfortable working with U.S. power. The U.S. currently benefits from disarray on the Left in Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela. Newly developed institutions, e.g., UNASUR, the New Development Bank, and TPP, may also change the U.S.’s and China’s influence in the region.


1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 79-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Popkin ◽  
Naomi Roht-Arriaza

In recent years, Latin American countries have sought to come to terms with prior periods of widespread human rights violations, relying increasingly on investigatory commissions. Investigatory efforts have been undertaken by democratically elected governments that replaced military dictatorships, by UN-sponsored commissions as part of a UN-mediated peace process, and by national human rights commissioners. This article examines truth commissions in Chile and El Salvador, an investigatory effort in Honduras, and a proposed commission in Guatemala. It compares the achievements and limitations of these commissions within the political constraints and institutional reality of each country, focusing on four major goals: the effort to create an authoritative account of the past; vindication of victims; recommendations for legislative, structural, or other changes to avoid repetition of past abuses; and establishing accountability or the identity of perpetrators.


1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bader

Although virtually unstudied, the introduction of the philosophy of positivism into Chile acted as a catalyst upon the development of that country during the decade before the War of the Pacific. Scholars have given appropriate attention to the influence of positivism as it became significant in other Latin American countries during the eighteen-seventies, and Leopold Zea has discussed the importance of that philosophic system in Chile during the years which followed the west coast conflict of 1879-1883. However, despite the ever increasing number of articles and monographs dealing with positivism, the historians of Latin America have ignored the philosophy's growth in the Republic of Chile before the war and the effect of that growth upon the ideologies already extant in the Pacific coast nation.


2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Elly Kiemle Trindade

Scientists based in Latin America, particularly in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, substantially increased their rate of scientific publications during the past decades. Brazil experienced the most growth with the implementation of an efficient postgraduate system that is tripling the number of doctors every 10 years. Research on craniofacial anomalies is similarly increasing in Latin American countries. A PUBMED search using the key word “cleft” and a particular country's name showed that Brazil has published the most articles in that field during the past few years, many of which were published by research groups linked to the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies located in Bauru, which provides cleft and craniofacial care for more than 2500 new patients every year. Based on experiences with international collaboration, this report discusses obstacles to collaborative research and presents recommendations to enhance the possibility of creating successful partnerships among international research teams.


1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Helwege

During the early 1990s, many Latin American countries enjoyed exceptionally strong economic growth, which has been credited with making possible substantial reductions in their rates of poverty. However, the collapse of capital flows to Latin America that began in 1995 portends a decline in the region's economic growth. If these countries now register growth rates that are only modestly positive (on the order of 1-3%), the question then arises as to whether this progress in overcoming poverty is bound to stall.Despite new rhetoric to the contrary, Latin Americans have relied on growth almost exclusively as the way to overcome poverty. The distribution of income has changed very little over the past decade and, where change did occur, in many cases it has been for the worse.


2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Tanco ◽  
Matias Escuder ◽  
Gerardo Heckmann ◽  
Daniel Jurburg ◽  
Josue Velazquez

PurposeFor the past 20 years, Latin American countries have gone from being a low-cost region to significant players in the world economy, with five of its countries ranked among the world’s 50th largest by gross domestic product. This paper aims to study the contribution of Latin American researchers in the field of supply chain management (SCM) to aid an understanding of the Latin American impact within global supply chains (SCs).Design/methodology/approachThe authors present a study which includes a bibliometric analysis of the papers authored by Latin American researchers in the SCM field and which were exclusively published in journals included in the Journal Citation Reports. In addition, the authors conducted a survey to Latin American researchers and consultants to gain greater understanding of the main difficulties, which in their opinion, have negatively affected the SCM area in Latin America within the past five years, and identify possible misalignment between Latin American research and the challenges for SC in the region.FindingsThe results show that Latin American research on SCM in the past nine years is not significant for the field considering the number of papers, citations and the papers published in top journals. Another interesting finding is the lack of collaboration among researchers from different Latin American countries, as well as with corporate. Finally, survey results reveal significant differences regarding the main difficulties each country perceived as relevant.Practical implicationsComparing results from both analyses, relevant misalignments stand out between published research and the main difficulties detected. These suggest a challenging opportunity for Latin America, emphasizing the need to increase research contribution of the scientific community, through collaboration and alignment toward overcoming the most troublesome difficulties for Latin America. Therefore, the authors suggest future regional research directions which could also help global companies to tackle the challenges faced and optimize performance of their Latin American SCs.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous research on the quality and impact of Latin American research in SCM has been conducted. Also, misalignments between researchers and practitioners in the region, which allow identifying weaknesses of Latin American SCs, have not been studied before.


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