Poverty in Latin America: Back to the Abyss?

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Helwege

During the early 1990s, many Latin American countries enjoyed exceptionally strong economic growth, which has been credited with making possible substantial reductions in their rates of poverty. However, the collapse of capital flows to Latin America that began in 1995 portends a decline in the region's economic growth. If these countries now register growth rates that are only modestly positive (on the order of 1-3%), the question then arises as to whether this progress in overcoming poverty is bound to stall.Despite new rhetoric to the contrary, Latin Americans have relied on growth almost exclusively as the way to overcome poverty. The distribution of income has changed very little over the past decade and, where change did occur, in many cases it has been for the worse.

Zootaxa ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 5087 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-58
Author(s):  
ANDRÉS A. SALAZAR-FILLIPPO ◽  
LADISLAV MIKO

This checklist of oribatid mites of the Republic of Colombia compiles and provides a taxonomic update of all records known up to 2020. It includes 192 entries accounting for 68 named and 47 unnamed species belonging to 73 genera and 58 families of non-astigmatid oribatid mites. Specimens from the brachypyline supercohort were dominant (54.7%), followed by Mixonomata (30.7%). However, current knowledge is far from being complete and distribution patterns show large gaps throughout the country due to this lacking knowledge and most existing investigations only include group specific studies that prevent from any conclusions regarding the real community composition of oribatids in Colombia. From 32 political-administrative departments, oribatids have been reported in 20, but 5 account for 65% of the records. These are: Cundinamarca -including Bogotá D.C.- (24.4%), Magdalena (21.8%), Nariño (6.3%), La Guajira (6.3%), and Quindío (5.9%). Whereas most oribatid reports in the Neotropical region have taken place during the past five decades, a map presented in this document shows that Colombia still lags behind other Latin American countries. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, for instance, have reported the highest number of species for the region and are the only nations that possess national oribatid checklists in Latin America. The current work represents a national baseline of oribatids encouraging further study of this clearly underrepresented group.  


1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Kantor

The election of Rómulo Betancourt as constitutional President of Venezuela for the 1959-1964 term marks a turning point in that country's political evolution and a high point in the tide of reform now sweeping Latin American toward stable constitutional government. The new president of Venezuela and the party he leads, Acción Democrática, represent the same type of reformist movement as those now flourishing in many other countries of Latin America. As a result, dictatorship in the spring of 1959 is confined to the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Paraguay. The situation in Haiti is unclear, but in the other sixteen republics the governments are controlled by parties and leaders which are to a greater or lesser degree trying to get away from the past and seem to have the support of their populations in their efforts. This marks a great change from most of the past history of the Latin American Republics in which the population was ruled by dictatorial cliques dedicated to the preservation of a status quo which meant the perpetuation of poverty and backwardness for most of the Latin Americans.


1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-599
Author(s):  
David Felix

Industrial growth and chronic, in many cases severe, inflation are two salient features of the past-war economic history of the larger Latin American countries. There is general recognition that the two phenomena are related, at least in the sense that industry has been one of the major recipients of state subsidies and inflationary credit. But beyond this, analysis divides into the usual demand inflation and cost-push categories.


1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Culver ◽  
Cornel J. Reinhart

Hernando de Soto's recent book, The Other Path, argues that capitalism has not failed in Peru and Latin America, rather, it has not been tried. Basing his case on the observation that Latin American economies are strangled by arcane policies and regulations, de Soto goes on to bolster his point by providing a fresh and powerful look at the undeniable reality of the large “informal,” and thus unregulated, economic sector in Peru. As with any such generalization, how strongly does its explanatory value remain when measured against specific events, over long periods of time? This article seeks just such a perspective. It examines the impact of such regulations as mining codes and mineral taxation on the efforts of Chilean copper entrepreneurs to compete worldwide in the nineteenth century. De Soto may be correct in his contention that today's highly regulated economies keep Latin Americans from being as productive as their resources justify, but to extend this view into the past ignores earlier productive accomplishments, as well as significant efforts at different times and places to cast off Latin America's mercantile legacy.


2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 928-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Tafunell

Investment in machinery is a key component in the analysis of long-term economic growth during the spread of industrialization. This article offers consistent annual series on the magnitude of machinery imports per capita into all Latin American countries for the period 1890-1930. Analysis of these series shows that machinery imports diverged across countries from 1890 through 1913. After 1913 a number of the more backward countries experienced rapid growth in machinery imports. These large differences in machinery investment contributed to unequal development across the Latin American countries.


2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
pp. 415-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Mangone ◽  
Adrían Alvarez Bueno ◽  
Ricardo Allegri ◽  
Raúl Arizaga ◽  
Ricardo Nitrini ◽  
...  

Latin America has a connotation of youth (Mangone & Arizaga, 1999). Yet we cannot ignore the significant increase in life expectancy in many Latin American countries (Table 1); as the economy and level of education improve, so does the health of the population. With the increase in life expectancy, Latin Americans are beginning to perceive dementia in the elderly as a considerable social and medical problem.


2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (316) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Eduardo Ramírez Cedillo ◽  
Francisco López Herrera

<p>Se analiza la relación del crecimiento económico con el gasto público de 16 países latinoamericanos de 1990 a 2017. Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura sobre el tema enfocándose en la región. Los resultados de un modelo para paneles cointegrados respaldan la ley de Wagner en el largo plazo y brindan evidencia parcial a favor de las hipótesis de Keynes en el corto plazo.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">PUBLIC SPENDING AND GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA:</p><p align="center">WAGNER´S LAW AND KEYNES’S HYPOTHESIS<strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The relationship between economic growth and public spending in 16 Latin American countries from 1990 to 2017 is analyzed. This paper contributes to the literature on the subject focusing on the region. The results from a model of cointegrated panels support Wagner’s Law in the long term and provides partial evidence in favor of the Keynesian hypotheses in the short term.</p>


Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz

This book examines the links between economic growth, changing employment conditions, and the reduction of poverty in Latin America in the 2000s. Its contribution is an in-depth study of the multi-pronged growth–employment–poverty nexus based on a large number of labour market indicators (twelve employment and earnings indicators and four poverty and inequality indicators) for a large number of Latin American countries (sixteen of them). It presents an exhaustive analysis of the growth–employment–poverty nexus which directly relates changes in all labour market indicators to economic growth, and changes in all employment and earnings indicators to changes in poverty. It also bases its analysis on a broader set of labour market indicators than those used in other studies.


Author(s):  
Gunnar Eyal Wolf Iszaevich

Resumen En varios países de Latinoamérica, las autoridades electorales están comenzando a voltear hacia las urnas de votación electrónicas. Los argumentos con los cuales presentan estas urnas a la población se centran particularmente en la disminución de costos del proceso electoral, una mayor agilidad en la obtención de resultados, y en poder tener más confianza en que las personas involucradas no engañen a la población con resultados ilegítimos, enfermedad de la cual Latinoamérica ha sufrido largamente. Las urnas electrónicas no son ya una novedad - Han sido utilizadas por varios países, desde las primeras pruebas en la India en 1982 hasta una amplia base en la última década. Sin embargo, un análisis sobre las experiencias vividas en ellos dista de ser positiva - y dista de ser homogénea. En el presente artículo serán analizados los desarrollos de estas tres líneas argumentativas resultan huecos, en el mejor de los casos, o directamente falaces. Se hace además una revisión de algunos casos emblemáticos de fallas que han llevado al replanteamiento -llegando incluso a la prohibición legal en algunos casos- del voto electrónico alrededor del mundo. Palabras claveE-voto, voto electrónico, sociedad, democracia, experiencias internacionales  Abstract Electoral authorities in several Latin American countries are turning their heads towards electronic voting booths. The arguments through which electronic voting is being presented to the population are mailed centered around reducing the costs of the electoral process, achieving better turnaround times for publishing electoral results, and being able to better trust that the involved actors do not cheat the population with illegitimate results, a disease Latin America has long suffered. Electronic voting booths are not new. They have been used in several different countries, since the early implementations in India in 1982, and its usage has widely spread during the past decade. However, an analysis on the international experiences yields results far from optimistic -and far from homogeneous. In this article, the outcome from the three above mentioned argumentative lines is analyzed, showing they are not sound, in the best case, or directly misleading. Some emblematic cases of failures around the world that have led to a serious reevaluation –and up to legal rulings banning its use– around the world are reviewed as well. KeywordsE-voting, electronic voting, society, democracy, international experiences.


Author(s):  
Ainur MYRZHYKBAYEVA ◽  
Gulnur RAIKHANOVA ◽  
Serikzhan BAIBOSSYNOV ◽  
Azamat ZHANSEITOV ◽  
Argyn TUKEYEV

This article combines individual data from household surveys in the Latin American countries to obtain a regional income and analyse its distribution and recent changes. It concentrates upon whether distributive changes in the countries over the past decade have improved income distribution between individuals or widened gaps. The region’s indicators of global inequality declined considerably during 1997-2014. This decline in global inequality is explained essentially by the reduction of inequality within Latin American countries, especially in Brazil. The incomes of the inhabitants of Latin America are now more equal in relative terms than a decade ago, although differences in the countries’ average incomes have increased.


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