Antioxidant Properties of R-Phycoerythrin from Red Alga Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey Collected on the Pudumadam Coast

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-498
Author(s):  
A. Brabakaran ◽  
S. Venkatesan ◽  
K. R. Jayappriyan ◽  
L. Selva Roselin ◽  
N. Thangaraju
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Radical ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging ◽  
Spyridia Filamentosa

Natural antioxidants are found in algae, are important biologically active compounds that involve in protecting the cells from oxidation thereby used in defense mechanism on ageing processes and various diseases. In this study, R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) was extracted from Spyridia filamentosa and was assessed for their antioxidant properties. The antioxidising property of decontaminated R-PE has been evaluated by measuring the free radical scavenging activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical (O2) scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity and phosphomolybdenum reduction assay. The purified R-PE extract was subjected to structural analysis by UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The UV-Visible spectrum showed a peak at 496 nm, 543 nm and 564 nm and fluorescence emission spectrum of R-PE was measured 575 nm which confirmed the presence of R-Phycoerythrin. The IR spectral data showed the presence of aromatic constituents containing amide group in the protein. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed the highest antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 128.25 μg/ml. The radical scavenging activity of Nitric oxide showed an IC50 value of 87.85 μg/ml, Phosphomolybdenum reduction assay showed an RC50 value of 61.45 μg/ml. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity showed IC50 value of 34.56 μg/ml and Superoxide radical (O2) scavenging assay showed IC50 value of 18.58 μg/ml. The ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the lowest antioxidant potential of 3.13 μg/ml. The free radical scavenging property of R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) concentrate of Spyridia filamentosa demonstrate that it has high antioxidant potency and it could be considered as utilitarian nourishment with essential pharmaceutical and biological importance.

scholarly journals Structural Features of Sulfated Glucuronomannan Oligosaccharides and Their Antioxidant Activity

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Jin ◽  
Langlang Ren ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
Quanbin Zhang ◽  
Weihong Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Superoxide Radical ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Glucuronomannan oligosaccharides (Gs) were derived from fucoidan, which was extracted from the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii. Sulfated glucuronomannan oligosaccharides (SGs) were obtained by the sulfation of Gs. NMR techniques were used to reveal that the order of sulfation was Man-C6 > Man-C4 > Man-C1R > GlcA-C3 > Man-C3 > GlcA-C2. Finally, the antioxidant activities (hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging activity) of Gs and SGs were determined. The findings showed that the higher the degree of polymerization, the better the activity, except for the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In addition, the higher the sulfate content, the lower the activities for the reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Opposite results were found for the superoxide radical scavenging activity. Finally, compared with fucoidan, most Gs and SGs had higher antioxidant activity, suggesting that they might be good candidates for antioxidants.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Extraction and Quantification of Polyphenols from Citrus Peels Using Maceration and Ultrasonic Technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Saini ◽  
Parmjit Singh Panesar ◽  
Manab Bandhu Bera
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Kinnow Mandarin ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Citrus processing industry generates the large amount of byproducts, which are rich in polyphenols that have high antioxidant properties. These polyphenols can be extracted and utilized in different applications. In present investigation, comparative study was undertaken using maceration (M) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) for the efficient extraction of polyphenols from citrus peels of different cultivars such as ‘kinnow mandarin’ (Citrus reticulata) and ‘mousambi’ (Citrus limetta). The total phenols (28.30 mg/GAE g dw), flavonoids (4.40 mg/CE g dw) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (48.23%) were attained from kinnow mandarin peels whereas total phenols (21.99 mg/GAE g dw), flavonoids (2.07 mg/CE g dw) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (39.73%) were obtained from mousambi peels using UAE method. Therefore, the results indicated the efficiency of UAE method as compared to maceration technique for the extraction of polyphenols in terms of high yield and their antioxidant properties.

scholarly journals Effect of processing on the quality, composition and antioxidant properties of Terminalia catappa (Indian almond) seed oil

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (58) ◽  
pp. 7662-7678
Author(s):  
OB Adu ◽  
◽  
M Omojufehinsi ◽  
MO Esanboro ◽  
DA Abe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

This study was aimed at extracting and purifying T. catappa seed oil with a view to investigating the effect of processing on the composition and antioxidant activity of the oil. Oil was extracted from the dried and roasted T. catappa seed and subjected to degumming and bleaching. The different processed oils were analysed for their fatty acid, phytosterols, and fat soluble vitamins composition. Antioxidant properties of the oils were also determined by measuring the Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and inhibition of heat induced peroxidation. Roasting and processing caused a reduction in acid value, increased peroxide value, but had no effect on the iodine and saponification values of T. catappa oil. Palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid (42.466%) while oleic acid was the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid (23.445%). Roasting significantly reduced fatty acid concentration of the oil, and bleaching of both unroasted and roasted oils increased the concentration of fatty acids except linoleic acid. Gamma-sitosterol and Betasitosterol were present in appreciable amounts only in the crude oils. Roasting increased Vitamins A and D concentrations but drastically reduced that of vitamin E. Degumming had no effect on the fat soluble vitamins of T. catappa oil, but bleaching significantly reduced the concentrations of all the vitamins. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the seed oil was between 26.93 ± 15.42% and 65.47 ± 31.59%. Refining increased the free radical scavenging activity of the unroasted oil, but did not affect the antioxidant activity of roasted oil. The capacity of the oil in preventing heat induced peroxidation was comparable to that of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Processing of the oil significantly increased its antioxidant activity. Loss of vitamin E did not affect the antioxidant activity of the oil. Thus, suggesting the presence of a heat stable antioxidant in the oil. This study indicated T. catappa seed oil to be potential pharmaceutical oil with good antioxidant characteristics

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF A MEDICINAL HERB, WEDELIA CHINENSIS (OSBECK) MERRILL.

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Rehana Banu H ◽  
Nagarajan N
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Superoxide Radical ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging ◽  
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Objective: The objective is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Wedelia chinensis.Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by studying 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and total antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid, BHT, quercetin, and EDTA were used as standards for the experiments.Results: Inhibition concentration50 values observed for DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were determined to be 62.5, 769.23, and 617.28 μg/ml, respectively and that of FRAP scavenging, metal chelating, and total antioxidant activities were found to be 343 μmol Fe (II)/g, 79.56 mg EDTA/g extract, and 398.17 mg ascorbic acid eq/g extract, respectively.Conclusion: The results clearly indicate that methanolic leaf extract of the study species W. chinensis is effective in scavenging free radicals and has the potential to be a powerful antioxidant.

scholarly journals Induction and Proliferation of Callus in the Flower Stalk of Calanthe discolor Lindl. and its Antioxidant Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-433
Author(s):  
Dong-Myong Kim ◽  
Ju-Yeong Jung ◽  
Hyung-Kon Lee ◽  
Yong-Seong Kwon ◽  
Kwan-Ho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Purpose: This study aims to establish the appropriate conditions for induction and proliferation of callus from the flower stalk of Calanthe discolor Lindl. (CFS) and to analyze the antioxidant properties as well as the skin irritation level of its extracts.Methods: Murashige & Skoog medium was used to induce the callus from CFS with NB0 (α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 0 mg/L, benzyl adenine (BA) 0 mg/L), NB1 (NAA 0.2 mg/L, BA 0.1 mg/L), NB5 (NAA 0.2 mg/L, BA 0.5 mg/L), and NB10 (0.2 mg/L, BA 1.0 mg/L) as plant growth regulators (PGR). The callus powder was extracted by ultrasonic treatment, and the total phenolic contents (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and human skin irritation test using callus extracts were performed.Results: As a result of callus induction from CFS with PGR, NB5 showed the highest growth rate of callus with a weight of 4.2±0.3 g. The TPC of the callus extracts NB0, NB1, NB5, and NB10 were 33.71±0.27, 37.59±0.51, 46.26±0.18, and 55.92±0.33 mg GAE/g, respectively. NB10 showed the highest value of DPPH radical scavenging activity than that of NB0, NB1, NB5, and NB10, in various concentrations. CFS callus extract showed very low human skin irritation compared to that of the control group, 10% SLS.Conclusion: The optimal PGR condition for induction of CFS callus was established as NB10. CFS callus extracts can be used as functional materials for cosmetics as it has significant antioxidant activity and low skin irritation value.

scholarly journals Investigation on High-Value Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Blackberries and Their Fractions Obtained by Home-Scale Juice Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina-Ramona Metzner Ungureanu ◽  
Andreea Ioana Lupitu ◽  
Cristian Moisa ◽  
Adrian Rivis ◽  
Lucian Octav Copolovici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Blackberry pomace represents a valuable but underused byproduct of juice manufacturing. Its further applicability in various food systems is facilitated by detailed knowledge of its own bioactive potential. This study was focused on the investigation of the polyphenolic compound profile, total phenolic and ascorbic acid content, as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of blackberries (Rubus fruticosus L.) coming from spontaneous flora of two different areas of Romania, Paltinis (Sibiu County) and Zugau (Arad County) and their fractions, juice and pomace, resulting from home-scale processing. To ensure a satisfactory shelf life, the blackberry pomace was subjected to convective drying (60 °C for 12 hours) and the impact of this treatment on the antioxidant properties was evaluated. No significant differences in the investigated characteristics according to the place of origin were recorded. However, a slight increase in the antioxidant properties of fruits and fractions from the Zugau region, characterized by higher temperatures and a lower precipitation regime, was noticed compared with samples derived from the Paltinis area. The drying of blackberry byproducts led to losses of 10–23% in the content of the investigated bioactive compounds and DPPH radical scavenging activity. A significant correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity and the total phenolic content has been recorded. Our findings are of interest in blackberry selection to enhance the level of bioactive compounds in the targeted products. The obtained results confirm that the blackberry processing byproducts may be regarded as a promising source of high-quality bioactive compounds and a proven radical scavenging capacity, representing a starting point for further analyses. This study responds to a global issue regarding fruit byproduct management in order to ensure the sustainable development of a circular economy.

scholarly journals ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ALKALOID EXTRACT OF CUCUMIS TRIGONUS ROXB

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
PRATIMA H
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Superoxide Radical ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Peroxide Radical ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Alkaloid Extracts ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial efficiency of alkaloids of root, leaf, and fruit of Cucumis trigonus. Methods: The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of alkaloid extracts were assessed by ferric thiocynate (FTC), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power were analyzed separately for its inhibition percentage at different concentration (20µg, 30µg, 40µg and 50µg/ml) and antibacterial activity by agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC Code-9886), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC Code-6458). Results: The highest percentage of extraction yield was observed in fruit followed by leaf and root. The maximum content of alkaloid was found in fruit and root compared to leaf. The scavenging efficiencies of the extracts increased with the increasing concentrations. Appreciable levels of total antioxidant activity by FTC (2.112±0.011%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.912±0.001%), superoxide radical scavenging activity (0.955±0.021%) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (0.914±0.087 %) were observed at 50µg/ml of fruit extract. However, ferric reducing power was more in the root (0.893±0.0870%) compared to fruit (0.791±0.023%) and leaf (0.520±0.00 %) at 50µg/ml. The alkaloid extracts of root and fruit exhibited more antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (16.51±0.05 and 19.68±0.03 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.2±0.03 and14.2±0.06) at 100µg/ml than leaf. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the root, leaf, and fruit was in the range of 3.125µg/ml to 35µg/ml for the pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: Data from the present results revealed that the alkaloid extracts of fruit and root of C. trigonus show good antioxidant and antibacterial potential than leaf. Hence, may be explored for the formation of new antibacterial with antioxidant drugs.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Unani Formulation Habb-e-Asgand

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ansari Imtiyaz Ahmed Tufail Ahemad ◽  
Qazi Majaz Ahamad Aejazuddin ◽  
G. J. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Hydroxyl Radical ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Aim: In the present work we aimed to perform phytochemical Screening and In-vitro free radical scavenging activity of Unani formulation Habb-e-asgand. Study Design: The present work was designed to determine the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Ferrous reducing antioxidant capacity assay (FRAC), DPPH radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide scavenging assay. Place and Duration of the Study: The present work has been carried out at Ali-allana College of Pharmacy, Akkalkuwa, from February-2020 to November-2020. Methodology: Habb-e-asgand (HEA), a Unani polyherbal drug used in arthritis, gout, and joint pain, is a blend of many herbal medicinal plants. Scientific attempts to test and validate its effectiveness are scarce. The selected Unani formulation was evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide scavenging assay. The given formulation also evaluated the total antioxidant capacity and the reducing antioxidant capacity of ferrous metals. Results: It was found that DPPH radical scavenging activity of HEA and BHT at a concentration of 100 μg/ml was 95±0.74 and 59±0.94 μg/ml. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of HEA, at the concentration of 100μg/ml, was 55±0.64, whereas at the same concentration catechin was 63±0.84 μg/ml. The IC50 value for nitric acid scavenging activity was found to be 49.60±1.57 for HEA, and 186.34 ± 3.28 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. The result obtained from TAC and FRAC activity demonstrates that HEA possessed the highest TAC and FRAC values in comparison to standards catechin and ascorbic acid. Conclusion: From the above results it was concluded that HEA has a potent antioxidant activity. HEA showed moderate to high TAC and FRAC in dose-dependent manner compared to standards catechin and ascorbic acid. HEA shows dose-dependent DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Nitric oxide generation was observed after the incubation of solutions of sodium nitroprusside in PBS at 25°C for 150 min. HEA effectively reduced the generation of nitric oxide.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Marine Red Seaweed Caulacanthusustulatus

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 4701-4708
Author(s):  
Mohideen Askar Nawas P ◽  
Sujatha Ravi
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Red Seaweed ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Marine algae are known to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites and several compounds have been derived from them for prospective development of novel drugs by the pharmaceutical industries. The marine red seaweed Caulacanthusustulatus, collected from the Kilakarai region located between (9.23135° N, 78.7844° E) Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. The seaweed extract was prepared from various solvent extracts namely aqueous, ethanol, methanol and acetone was tested for their phytochemical analysis, antibacterial activity against human pathogens viz., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and aquatic pathogens viz., Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio vulnificus using disc diffusion methods and in vitro antioxidant activity such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of selected solvent extracts. Phytochemical analysis of sixteen different chemical compounds was carried out. The maximum nine phytochemical compounds were present in the methanol and ethanol extracts and the minimum six compounds were present in aqueous extract. The highest antibacterial activity was present in human pathogen P. aeruginosa (20.66 ± 1.1mm) likewise the aquatic pathogen the antibacterial activity was increase in Aeromonas hydrophila (20.33 ± 1.5mm). The methanol extract was significantly higher in DPPH radical scavenging activity (67.07 ± 0.5μg/ml), ABTS radical scavenging activity (72.4 ± 0.6 μg/ml) and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (54.06 ± 0.58μg/ml). This study indicates the potential use of red seaweed; in particularC.ustulatus extracts are treating human and aquatic bacterial pathogens and it could be a potential candidate for the natural compounds as antioxidant.

scholarly journals Strobilanthes heyneanus root extract as a potential source for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayakumar Sundaram ◽  
Selvaraju Sadhasivam ◽  
Sivaraj Chandrasekaran ◽  
Raaman Nanjian ◽  
Arjun Pandian
Keyword(s):  
Dermal Fibroblast ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Medicinal Uses

Abstract Background Strobilanthes heyneanus (Nilgirianthus heyneanus) belongs to the family Acanthaceae that contains many species with potential for diverse medicinal uses. It is also called ‘Karun kurinji’ and is commonly found in the South-West regions of India. The species are commonly used in rheumatic complaints, sprain of the ankle, and hernia. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the antioxidant activity, phytochemical analysis, and antibacterial activities of the root extract of S. heyneanus. Results The radical scavenging and reduction assays such as DPPH● radical and OH● radical scavenging assays, as well as phosphomolybdenum reduction and Fe3+ reducing power assays, were determined for the root extract. The highest DPPH● radical scavenging activity was 88.23 ± 1.32 at 120 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated IC50 was 38.52 μg/mL concentration. The highest OH● radical scavenging activity was 51.28 ± 1.06 at 120 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated IC50 was 51.28 μg/mL concentration. The highest ABTS●+ radical scavenging activity was 91.28 ± 1.12 at 30 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated IC50 was 33.92 μg/mL concentration. The highest phosphomolybdenum reduction was 87.43 ± 0.90 at 120 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated RC50 was 24.74 μg/mL concentration. The highest Fe3+ reduction was 89.38 ± 0.98 at 120 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated RC50 was 31.06 μg/mL concentration. The antibacterial activity of S. heyneanus showed the highest zone of inhibition of 24 mm for Salmonella typhi with 500 μg/mL concentration. The cytotoxicity limits of the root extracts were tested by MTT assay using human dermal fibroblast cell lines, reflecting > 90% cell viability at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Conclusions The current study showed that the root extract of S. heyneanus has better antioxidant properties and potential anti-bacterial compounds. The phytochemical analysis of the root extract showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and carbohydrates, which are responsible for the antibacterial root extract of S. heyneanus synergistically.

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