Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Thymus vulgaris essential oil contained and synthesis thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles

Several species of thymus have therapeutic properties, so they are used in traditional medicine. In this work was carried out to synthesize Thymus vulgalis silver nanoparticles (TSNPS) and evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of TSNPS and T. vulgalis essential oil extract (TEOE). The essential oils analyzed by GC-MS and were characterized. Major compounds of phenol, 2 methyl 5 (1 methylethyle) (CAS), thymol and 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylic acid, 3 nitro (CAS) (48.75%, 32.42% and 8.12%, respectively) were detected. Results demonstrated that the TSNPS gave a highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, it was obtained 97.2 at 1000 ug/ml. TSNPS, Thymus + Hexane (T+H), Thymus + Ethanol (T+E) gave the greatest antimicrobial activity than amoxicillin (AM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). In conclusion: The essential oil of thymus (Vulgaris) and thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles can be a good source of natural preservatives as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for increasing the shelf life of foodstuffs.

Antioxidant Extract from Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala Pulp Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity in Rats

The indigenous purplish red fruit, Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala (CN), is grown in northern Thailand. The aqueous extract of CN pulp is known to exhibit antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. To search for an antioxidant fraction separated from CN, various hydroalcoholic extractions were performed. The acidified ethanolic extract of CN obtained from 0.5% (v/v) citric acid in 80% (v/v) ethanol yielded greater polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity when compared with other hydroethanolic extracts. Cyanidin-3-glucoside is a major anthocyanin present in the acidified ethanolic extract of CN (AECN). At a dose of 5000 mg/kg bw, an anthocyanin-rich extract was found to be safe when given to rats without any acute toxicity. To examine the hepatoprotective properties of AECN, an overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) was induced in a rat model, while silymarin was used as a standard reference. The administration of AECN at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw for 28 days improved hepatocyte architecture and modulated serum alanine aminotransferase levels in APAP-induced rats. Furthermore, it significantly decreased serum and hepatic malondialdehyde levels but increased hepatic glutathione content, as well as glutathione peroxidase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities. In conclusion, AECN may effectively reduce oxidative stress induced acute hepatotoxicity in overdose APAP-treated rats through the suppression of oxidative stress and the enhancement of the antioxidant system in rat livers.

A new Butenolide Derivative from the Brown Alga Sargassum micracanthum

A new butenolide derivative (1), along with three known compounds (2-4) were isolated from the MeOH extract of brown alga Sargassum micracanthum. The structures of 1 to 4 were determined by the analyses of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. The known compounds (2-4) were identified as (5 E,10 Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,10-dien-2,12-dione (2), (5 E,9 E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9-dien-2,12-dione (3), and (-)-loliolide (4) by comparing with their published spectroscopic data. The antioxidant activities of compounds 1 to 4 were evaluated based on using 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. Compounds 1 to 4 were inactive at the concentration of 200 μM.

A Study on the Biological Activity of Commonly Consumed Spring Herbs in Korea

Purpose: This study was conducted to study the superiority of Korean spring herbs by selecting eight spring herbs that are commonly consumed in Korea and evaluating their biological activity.Methods: Antioxidant (total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline–6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity) and enzyme activities (α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity) were measured using the hot-water extract of the selected spring herbs.Results: In case of total polyphenol content, the shepherd’s purse, daylily, and gomchwi took first, second, and third place. In case of total flavonoid content, rape, shepherd’s purse and mugwort took first, second, and third place, and in case of DPPH radical scavenging activity, shepherd’s purse, daylily, and rape took first, second, and third place. In case of ABTS radical scavenging activity, the shepherd’s purse, mugwort and rape took first, second, and third place. In case of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, mugwort, gomchwi, and wild garlic were classified in the first, second, and third place. Lastly, Korean angelica tree, rape, and wild garlic were classified in the first, second, and third, in case of ACE inhibitory activity.Conclusion: From these results, among the selected spring herbs, the shepherd’s purse and rape showed exceptional effects in antioxidant activity, mugwort in antidiabetic activity, and Korean angelica tree sprout in antihypertensive activity, respectively. Therefore, the present study is expected to provide basic data for future development of foods using spring herbs to remedy lifestyle-related diseases.

Whitening and Moisturizing Effects of Hydrolyzed Swiftlet Nest Extracts

Purpose: This research verified the skin whitening and moisturizing effects of hydrolyzed swiftlet nest extracts (HSNE) in vitro using human keratinocytes and melanoma.Methods: To confirm the antioxidant effect of HSNE, DPPH radical-scavenging activity was measured. To find out the whitening effect of HSNE, the genes related to melanogenesis, mRNA expression of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase related protein (TRP) 1, 2 and microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) were measured. We also measured the melanin contents after treatment of HSNE to confirm the anti-melanogenesis effect. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the genes related to moisturizing such as aquaporin (AQP) 3, hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 1, 2, and 3 were determined. The results of the tests were analyzed with student’s t-test and expressed as mean±standard deviation.Results: DPPH radical scavenging effects of HSNE increased in a concentration dependent manner. The expression of melanogenesis-related genes were inhibited by the treatment of HSNE in a concentration-dependent manner (MITF, TYR, TRP1, and 2). Melanin contents also decreased with the treatment of HSNE. The expression of moisturizing-related genes (HAS1, 2, 3, and AQP3) increased in a concentration-dependent manner.Conclusion: It is confirmed that the hydrolyzed swiftlet nest extracts have skin whitening and moisturizing effects and can be used as a functional cosmetic raw material.

Enhancing Phenolic Content of Medicinal Aromatic Plants Extracts-Biofunctional Foods Preparation

In this study, the assessment of TPC and antioxidant activity enhancement of medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) aqueous extracts using natural sweeteners or encapsulation materials was carried out. MAP extracts fortified with polyphenols were used to produce biofunctional chocolate bites. Honey or erythritol added to Melissa officinalis concentrated aqueous extracts exhibited TPC at 19.53 mg GAE/mL and 18.24 mg GAE/mL, respectively, and DPPH radical scavenging activity greater than 82%, comparing to its non-concentrated aqueous extract (3.74 mg GAE/mL and 72.9%, respectively). Honey added to MAP concentrated aqueous extract mixtures presented up to twofold higher TPC compared to M. officinalis concentrated aqueous extracts with honey. Chocolate bites with MAP concentrated aqueous extract mixtures and honey exhibited TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity at 29.48 mg GAE/g chocolate and 93.7%, respectively. The addition of gum arabic or inulin in MAP concentrated aqueous extract mixtures increased the TPC up to 12-fold (40.37 mg GAE/mL and 34.14 mg GAE/mL, respectively) compared to its non-concentrated aqueous extracts (3.38 mg GAE/mL), whereas DPPH radical scavenging activity approached 99.5%. Honey incorporation as a sweetener and polyphenolic compound encapsulation in gum arabic can lead to the production of biofunctional foods with elevated cytoprotective action without compromising their organoleptic attributes.

Synthesis and Evaluation of bis-Schiff Bases of Carbohydrazide as Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Agents

Background & Introduction : Antioxidants are known to prevent oxidative stress-induced damage to the biomolecules and thus, delay the onset of cancers and many age-related diseases. Therefore, the development of novel and potent antioxidants is justified. Method: During this study, we synthesized symmetrical bis-Schiff bases of carbohydrazide 1-27, and evaluated their in vitro antioxidative activity and cytotoxic activity. Results: Among synthesized compounds, six compounds 20 (IC50 = 12.89 ± 0.02 µM), 16 (IC50 = 14.32 ± 0.43 µM), 17 (IC50 = 18.52 ± 0.83 µM), 19 (IC50 = 22.84 ± 0.62 µM), 24 (IC50 = 35.1 ± 0.82 µM) and 15 (IC50 = 40.03 ± 1.06 µM) showed an excellent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, better than the standard butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) (IC50 = 44.6 ± 0.6 µM). Likewise, two compounds 16 (IC50 = 4.3 ± 1.3 µM) and 20 (IC50 = 6.6 ± 1.6 µM) showed oxidative burst scavenging activity better than the standard drug ibuprofen (IC50 = 11.2 ± 1.9 µM). Some synthesized compounds showed good to moderate toxicity against prostate cancer (PC-3) cell lines. Conclusion: This study has identified potent antioxidants and good cytotoxic agents with the potential to further investigate.

Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Unani Formulation Habb-e-Asgand

Aim: In the present work we aimed to perform phytochemical Screening and In-vitro free radical scavenging activity of Unani formulation Habb-e-asgand. Study Design: The present work was designed to determine the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Ferrous reducing antioxidant capacity assay (FRAC), DPPH radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide scavenging assay. Place and Duration of the Study: The present work has been carried out at Ali-allana College of Pharmacy, Akkalkuwa, from February-2020 to November-2020. Methodology: Habb-e-asgand (HEA), a Unani polyherbal drug used in arthritis, gout, and joint pain, is a blend of many herbal medicinal plants. Scientific attempts to test and validate its effectiveness are scarce. The selected Unani formulation was evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide scavenging assay. The given formulation also evaluated the total antioxidant capacity and the reducing antioxidant capacity of ferrous metals. Results: It was found that DPPH radical scavenging activity of HEA and BHT at a concentration of 100 μg/ml was 95±0.74 and 59±0.94 μg/ml. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of HEA, at the concentration of 100μg/ml, was 55±0.64, whereas at the same concentration catechin was 63±0.84 μg/ml. The IC50 value for nitric acid scavenging activity was found to be 49.60±1.57 for HEA, and 186.34 ± 3.28 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. The result obtained from TAC and FRAC activity demonstrates that HEA possessed the highest TAC and FRAC values in comparison to standards catechin and ascorbic acid. Conclusion: From the above results it was concluded that HEA has a potent antioxidant activity. HEA showed moderate to high TAC and FRAC in dose-dependent manner compared to standards catechin and ascorbic acid. HEA shows dose-dependent DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Nitric oxide generation was observed after the incubation of solutions of sodium nitroprusside in PBS at 25°C for 150 min. HEA effectively reduced the generation of nitric oxide.

Formulation Development of Novel Curcumin Analogue Loaded Non-aqueous Gel and Curcumin Analogue Loaded Nanoparticle (CA-NP) Gel for Topical Use and In-vitro Antioxidant Study

In this paper we have reported development of suitable dosage form for novel curcumin analogue synthesized in our laboratory. The work involves preformulation studies of synthesized curcumin analogue followed by preparation and optimization of non-aqueous gel and curcumin loaded (CA-NP) nanoparticle gel. The formulated gels were observed visually for clarity, homogeneity, and phase separation. They were tested for their appearance and presence of any aggregates. Curcumin analogue loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by using the nanoprecipitation -solvent evaporation method and further optimized. In-vitro antioxidant activity of formulation was then evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging activity. The gel exhibited good antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 5.39 μg/ml.